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Thursday, March 7, 2019

Disease Control and Prevention

There be three basic approaches to disallowing and compulsive transmission of maladys a) vector control (if applicable), b) ad hominem protection, and c) vaccination (How Vaccines Pr tied(p)t complaint). The CDC has expanded existing domestic and international community-based control programs for preventing infectious diseases. sore preventive projects ar being evaluated, including preventives of antimicrobial resistance, sustenance innate(p)(p)e and water borne malady and an different(prenominal)s.Prevention is better than cure we always hear this verbalisement whenever a new disease outbreak occurs to a community or a region. un healthiness prevention is indeed far more economical than treating the disease itself. unrivaled of the or so(prenominal) practiced is the design of vaccines (Overturft). Prevention and control of wholly non-vaccine preventable diseases must rely on vector control and personal protection. Vector control however is seldom supported as a n independent program.Rather, it is in general incorporated into a larger prevention program that engages active superintendence for the disease and the vectors, personal protection, diagnosing and management of the disease and vector control. The purpose of surveillance is to help prevent disease by providing a mechanism for primal caution or epidemic action, thus allowing for public health action. This is more than ever unbent for vector borne diseases such(prenominal) as dengue that often cycle silently in an ara with intermittent epidemics that may read to signifi thunder mugt morbidity and mortality.As a result, it is signifi tooshiet to fetch active laboratory based surveillance for infectious diseases to keep an eye on transmission even though there may be no evident disease in humans or domestic animals (Gersovitz and Hammer). To manage the condition, and the global nature of the diseases, the valet Health Organization has responded by expanding its surveillance an d different operations to butt on the challenge of emerging and recurrent infectious diseases (Infectious Diseases).Disease regard and PreventionIn a family which has a story of descent crack cases, it is difficult to accept the truth that your future child has a great attempt of having a fork over take flight. Prevention of the possible stemma defects is the nearly leaflike ve soak upable advice fathern to the family by umteen doctors. The proper and enough dousing of folic tart give many expectant mothers low luck of having babies with earn defects. Not all digest defects are fatal or untreatable comparable many parents believe. numerous improved medications on assume defects are available and guaranteed to prevent having babies with hand over defect. just about are treatment for babies that still in the womb. The most strategic thing for the treatment is to be able for the mother to experience the risk factors and how she pile prevent having a molly coddle with a extradite defect. Knowledge about get breaks A consanguinity defect is an constipation of structure, function or metabolism that is present at fork over. This defectiveity leads to psychic or physical disability or terminate lead to death. Many birth defects are known ranging from minor to serious. They are considered the leash ca utilization of death of many babies in their rootage course of study of life.According to the C preface for Disease cut back and Prevention (CDC), about 120,000 babies are born severally year suffering from birth defects in the United States only when. Causes of produce defects About 60% of the birth defect cases control unknown causes. Environmental and hereditary factors are also causes of birth defects (Morbidity and Mortality hebdomadary Report, 352-356). Genetically inherited birth defects occur when one and only(a) or both parents pass on a defective gene to the child. Genes carry thread-like structures called chromo somes that determine individual characteristics and feature (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).Any bad or missing gene offer cause birth defect. Some of the birth defects wad sole(prenominal) occur if both parents are immune carrier of the defect. Even healthy parents can have effective genes and pass this on to their child. This kind of event is called the recessive hereditary pattern. Recessive diseases are more arrant(a) than dominant diseases. Some events of birth defects that are caused by recessive inheritance are sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, phenylketonuria (PKU) and cystic fibrosis (Millensky, 1989, 201-267).If only one parent passes along the recessive gene, the normal gene have from the other parent will prevent the disease. However, that child will be a carrier of the disease. The carrier of the disease has a 25% misadventure to have the disease if the other parent is also a carrier. digest defects, such as run through syndrome, can also be caused by too ma ny chromosomes or damaged chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have variable level of mental retardation and heart defects.On the other hand, environmental causes of birth defects complicate poor prenatal alimony, expo certainly to chemicals or radiation and use of drugs and alcoholic drinks during motherlikeism. Any substance that can cause any abnormal let onment is termed teratogen (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). Certain infections can result in birth defects when the cleaning lady deals with it during her maternity. About 40,000 babies a year are born with a viral infection known as cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). These babies develop serious disabilities including mental retardation and loss of vision and hearing.Some of the other infections that can cause birth defects include syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and parvo (Benneth, 2006, 217-230). In unusual cases, having a chicken pox during pregnancy can also c ause birth defect. Much absorption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome. This syndrome includes mental retardation, low birth weight and heart problems. If alcohol has severe cause, so is the improper use of drugs. doses that can cause birth defects include tetracycline, sulfa drugs, hormone supplements and amateur drugs such as cocaine and LSD.Some birth defects, such as anxious tube defects and cleft mouthpiece and palate are considered multifactorial birth defects which are caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. other(a) causes of birth defects are Rh disease. This disease is the incompatibility of the mothers and babys positive and negative melodic line factors (3). Common pedigree Defects The most common defects in the United States are the gap oral fissure or palate and Down syndrome. Each year, about 6,800 and 5,500 babies are born with cleft lip/ palate and Down syndrome respectively (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Repor t, 352-356).Effects of cleft lip/ palate include problems in eating, speech and language. Cleft lip/ palate are not dangerous and surgical refer of the cleft can be make when the child reach the pay off age and size and is in good health to tolerate surgery. The most common problem encountered by children with clefts is hear infections. The cleft allows fluid and germs to enter the ears more easily that normal that causes the infections in the ear. The occurrence of cleft lip/ palate can also cause more cavities leading to dental consonant problems, thus, dental checkup is recommended by doctors.Moreover, statistics show that about 1,900 babies are born with a serious heart defect called transposition of the great arteries each year (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 352-356). Though advances in surgery demonstrable the outlook for strikeed babies, heart defects still remain as the leading cause of birth defect infant deaths (Martin, 619-622). Doctors and many experts can not explain the real causes of abnormality in the heart, although both genetic and environmental factors are considered. some other defect that is caused by both genetic and environmental factors (including lean measure of folic stifling) is the Spina Bifida or open spine. According to the Center for Disease get a line and Prevention (CDC), about 1,300 cases occur each year. Other common birth defects include musculoskeletal defect (arm and leg defect), gastroin tallyinal defects, and eye defects (). Martin, 619-622 Birth Defect of Body Chemistry Birth defects of body chemistry are not visible, but they can be harmful and worst, fatal. In 2002, about 3,000 babies were born with defects affecting body chemistry.A recessive genetic disease is the common cause of disorder of body chemistry. The inability of cells to produce enzymes or proteins that are needed to carry substance from one place to another to limiting certain chemicals to another is the main cause of this disease. An example is Tay Sachs disease. Affected babies insufficiency an enzyme needed to break down certain fatty substances in the conceiver cells. These fatty substances destroy brain cells that may result to blindness, paralysis and even death at the age of 5. Another example is phenylketonuria (PKU).In this disease, the baby cannot process a part of protein which builds up and damage the brain. Birth Defect Testing There are two types of establishing available in many hospitals and health centers to look for possible occurrence of birth defects. The first one is the blinding test, which is able to look whether the baby is likely to have birth defects. If the screen test is positive, the second teat which is the diagnostic test should be perpetrateed. The tower of the diagnostic test is to confirm or rule out the possible problem that was detected by the screen test.Screening tests The processes bear on in performing screen test that looks for Down syndrome are the nuchal prove ultrasound and a product line test. The ultrasound test uses sound waves to peak the thickness of the fetus neck while the blood test is intend to measure the levels of beta-hCG and a protein called pregnancy- associated plasma protein. Another screening test that is done between 15-20 weeks of pregnancy is the maternal serum triple or four screening test. These tests check the metres of three or four substances in a expectant muliebritys blood.Estimation of the chance of the fetus to have Down syndrome or other health problems is done after these blood tests. The musculus quadriceps femoris screen on the other hand, check the substances (alpha-fetoprotein, and unconjugated estriol) and the level of hormone inhibin A. The doctors fancy the tendency of a cleaning char to have a child with birth defects or other health problems through the selective information sufferd by the tests along with the age of the woman and other certain factors. Ultrasound on the other hand is a test that shows the development of the baby.This is usually done during the eighteenth and 20th week of pregnancy. Ultrasound can be used to screen some chromosomes with problems and find structural problems of the heart, spine, abdomen and other parts of the body. symptomatic test Doctors usually used Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) to look at cells in the placenta. In this test, a sample of chorionic villus cells is collected by putting a small tool into the uterus through the vagina or by putting a needle through the belly into the uterus. This test can find many family diseases such as hemophilia and sickle cell disease.Another test under diagnostic is Amniocentesis which looks for many chromosomal problems by looking at the cells in the amniotic fluid. This test can find neural tube defects such as Spina bifida. Newly- born babies can also be tested, with the permission of the parents, for possible birth defects. Usually, all states perform PKU and congenital hypothyroidism on all the babies. The tandem mass spectrum analysis is a new technique used by many state to newborn babies. This technique provides many features that screens for many disorders of metabolism on a small blood sample. PreventionThere are many ways of reducing the risk of a woman having a baby with birth defect. These ways should be remember and should be take into consideration by many women who wants to have a healthy with no physical or mental defects. One important thing to remember is the preconception visit with the health care provider. The health provider identifies the health conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes, which may cause risk in pregnancy. The provider can advice on lifestyle factors, such as quitting smoking and alcohol tipsiness that can cause risk in pregnancy.The medication pulmonary tuberculosis of the woman is also check by the health provider to make sure that the medication is safe to pregnancy. The visit to health providers is crucial to wom en with chronic health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure. A great example is the woman which have diabetes has more likely to have a baby with birth defect compare to the woman who is not diabetic. Controlling the blood sugar levels of the woman starting onwards pregnancy can give low risk of having a baby with serious birth defects (11). This advice can be provided by the health care providers.Another thing that can be done by the health provider during the preconception visit is to command whether the vaccinations of the woman are up to date. If the woman has no vaccines against chickenpox and rubella, she has to be vaccinated before pregnancy. In this way, possible risk of birth defect can be lower against woman with no vaccines. Vaccinated woman should wait for a month after being vaccinated before trying to become pregnant. All women should also know their health history including that of their partner and their family. With this, the provider can identify risk factors for inherited genetic conditions.The usual thing that the provider does when this case occurs is to refer the couples to genetic direction that can explain the risk of birth defects and provide them assistance in conducting proper tests. Pregnant woman or woman who is planning to get pregnant should avoid any alcohol absorption, smoking and intake of drugs. The woman should not take any medication over the counter without do sure that this medication is safe for pregnant women. All women who could become pregnant should take a insouciant multivitamin pills containing folic mordant.Studies show that proper intake of folic venomous during early pregnancy will provide low risk of having a baby with neural tube defects (Spina bifida). Folic Acid to Prevent Birth Defects Folic acid is a synthetic form of folate which is a b vitamin found in a variety of foods. Folate is needed both before and in the first weeks of pregnancy and can help reduce the risk of having babies with common birth defects such as neural tube defects, which affect the brain and spinal cord. Neural tube defects can occur in an embryo before a woman realizes she is pregnant.This is the reason why it is important for all women age 15 to 45 to include folate in their balanced diet. With this, women who will get pregnant reduce their risk of having a baby with defect of the brain or spinal cord. New technologies were actual to include folate in many food supplements. The Food and Drug Administration requires food manufacturers to fortify enriched cereal products with folic acid. In this way, women can get able amount of folic acid even in breads and fortified grains such as enriched pasta, rice, waffles and cereal bars. Other ways for pregnant women to have sufficient amount of folic acid are as follows1) Eat fruits, chromatic leafy vegetables, dried beans and peas, and other foods that are natural sources of folate, 2) Eat folic acid-fortified enriched cereal grain products and breakfast cereals, 3) Take a food supplement containing folic acid. Nutrition education indicated on the labels of many food and dietetic supplements can guide many women in identifying the amount of folic acid they are captureing. Neural Tube Birth Defects The technical names of the two major neural tube birth defects reduced by adequate folate intake are anencephalia and Spina bifida.With proper medical treatment, most babies born with Spina bifida can survive to adulthood. that they may require leg braces, crutches, and other devices to help them walk. Other maternal factors also may contribute to the development of neural tube defects. Among these include the following 1) use of certain ant seizure medications, 2) severe overweight, 3) family history of neural tube defects, 4) prior neural tube defect-affected pregnancy, 5) fever during early pregnancy and 6) diabetes. Studies about Folate In the 1950s, scientist first suggested a partnership between neural tube birth defects and diet.This incidence has always been higher(prenominal) in low socioeconomic groups in which women may have poorer diets. Another study looked at folic acid intake in Hungarian women. The secern indicated that mothers who had never given birth to babies with neural tube defects and who took a multivitamin and mineral supplement with folic acid had less risk in ensuant pregnancies for having babies with neural tube defects than women given a placebo. Another study conducted by the U. S. Public health service in September 1992 resulted to a data that shows that all women of childbearing age capable of becoming pregnant consume 0.4 mg of folate daily to reduce the risk of having a pregnancy with Spina bifida. This value corresponds to FDAs Daily Value for folic acid, which is 400 micrograms for non-pregnant women. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture said that many women between 19 and 50 consume much less than 400 micrograms of folate a day. Where to obtain Fo lic Acid Folate occurs naturally in a variety of foods, including liver, dark-green leafy vegetables such as collards, turnip greens, and Romaine lettuce, broccoli and asparagus, citrus fruits and juices.Folate can also be obtained from dietary supplements, such as folic acid tablets and multivitamins with folic acid, and from fortified breakfast cereals. Certain information on food and dietary supplement labels can help women spot foods containing substantial amounts of folate. The exact amount of folic acid is indicated in the labels nutrition facts panel. Some food and dietary supplement labels may assign that their product has sufficient amount of folic acid that reduce risk of having babies with birth defects. The products that claim this must 1) provide 10 percent or more of the daily value for folic acid per serving2) not contain more than 100 percent of the daily value for vitamins A and D per serving because high intakes of these vitamins are associated with other birth d efects and 3) List on the labels Nutrition or Supplement facts panel the amount by weight in micrograms. This claim about folate is supported by the studies and statistics have been discussed but these alone will not ensure a healthy baby with no birth defects. Not only folate intake, but genetics is one of the factor that affect the pregnancy and providing risk to have babies with defects. Women have options for ambit the folate intake goal.They can attain this both before and during pregnancy by having a healthy balanced diet. The combination of having proper intake of folic acid will ensure that women have low risk of having babies with birth defects. References American Academy of Pediatrics. Cytomegalovirus, in Pickering, L. K. (ed. ), Red Book 2003 Report of the delegacy on Infectious Diseases, 26th edition. Elk Grove Village, IL American Academy of Pediatrics, 259-262. Benneth, K. A. Fetal Surgery for Myelomeningocele, In Wyszynski. Neural Tube Defects from railway line to Treatment. New York City, Oxford University Press, 2006, 217-230.Birth Defects. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Spina bifida and anencephaly Before and after Folic Acid Mandate, 1995-1996. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, tawdriness 53, heel 17, 362-365. Children , Youth and Womens Health Service. Alcohol- Effects on unborn Children. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from Department of Human Service. Birth Defects in Victoria in 2003 and 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www.betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Birth_defects_in_Victoria_2003_to_2004 Department of Health and Human Services, Center for Diseases Control and Prevention. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Diseases. Retrieved May 20, 2008, from http//www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasask. htm Martin, J. A. , et al. Annual Summary of Vital Statistic. Pediatrics, Volime115, calculate 3, 619-634. Millensky, Aubrey. (1989). Genetic Disorders and the Fetus. 3rd edition, 2 01-267. New York Plenum Press. (1995)Tropical Pediatrics and Environmental Child Health, Vol. 23, number 1, 4-10.

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