The Concept Of Youth So Difficult To Define Sociology Essay

The Concept Of youthfulness So Difficult To Define Sociology strainThe invention of offspring could be seen as thorny to define, as it covers such a diverse area, Pierre Bourdieu (1978)(In J singles 2010) suggested that youth is just a book of account and that it has been an evolving image which has developed over the centurys into a social construction. Youth could likewise be defined by just about, especi exclusivelyy in western societies as the life stages amid childhood and adulthood and becoming in capable from dependent (Kehily 2007). Some favour biologic markers, in which youth is the flow rate between puberty and parenthood, while others define youth in terms of heathenish markers a distinct social status with specific roles, rituals, and relationships (USAID/CMM 2005). Definitions of youth by age vary drastically across different institutions the UN has defined youth as person from 15 to 24 years of age, whereas the National Youth Policy of Nepal defines you th as persons from 16 to 40 years of age. thusly in understanding the difficulties in defining youth, it is important to look at the many different ways , as to why age from the soonest of ages, industrialisation, cultures and the biological invention, to identify some of the key issues as to why the concept of youth is so difficult to define as it has such a diverse range of thoughts and notions.The term youth is defined by sociologists as a transition between childhood and adulthood (Roche et al 2004) the resource is the term adolescence which is oftenUsed within psychology to describe the gen whilel biological, mental, emotional and sexual maturation phases associated with the onset of puberty and the teenage yearsFrom this notion it appears that some perceive youth as a sociological category rather than a biological one (Frith 2005, in kehily 2007) in that youth is a social construct rather than a biological and psychological concept as G Hall (1904) (In Kehily 2007p.57) celebrated that the biological side changes can stand an effect on different lot at different times in their lifes through hormonal and psychological changes from which they are not in control over and can take effect over their feeling and behaviour. However the sociologist Margret Mead1972 disregarded Halls concept that adolescence was brought on by biological changes which hall suggests occurs during puberty, from her own use up concluded that this period in a young persons life was the effect of sexual repression in society and of societys handling of young people (kehily 2007). However as these studys by Hall and Mead were carried out in a specific area of Samoa, this study maybe relevant to this area but it cannot be generalised to the difference of the world.Social anthropologists on the other hand try and understand the concept of youth from a cultural perspective for instance rather than perceive it from biological view, they study their behaviour, cultural beliefs, f amily lives, social, political organisations and their relationships with each other (kehily 2007, p.47) although it mustiness be noted that most cultural studies are based upon non-western and traditional societies (keily 2007). Van Gennep 1960 (in kehily 2007 p.62) studies the rites of musical passage, and states there are three stages the leaving cornerstone of the familiar, life-time away from the community and thirdly reintegration, he backs this up with the study of Nelson Mandelas kindling of becoming a man, Gennep 1960 re-enforces this idea with the ritual of circumcism as some countries die hard out rituals in order to publicly show the transition from one stage of a life to another (kehily 2007, p.63). although rites of passage can be observed in western countries it can be interpreted in different ways, for instance, celebrating a birthday, leaving school, going on to university and getting married can be seen as an initiation process into either the passage to you th or the transition into adulthood as Gennep notes rites of passage were comparable in structure and function wherever they occurred in the world.Aries (1962) (In kassem et al 2010) suggested that the concept of youth did not exist in the middle ages and that it has been socially constructed over the centuries, as Aries states, in medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist, and that from the age of 7 a child would be classed as an adult, as Heywood (2001 p.11) noted that the transition into adulthood took place when a child no longer needed their mother and could survive without them, which was someplace between the ages of 5 and 7, he states they were launched into the great community of men, although some would press with this concept, as kassem et al (2010) suggests that Aries twist is solitary(prenominal) based upon the ideas of childhood and not children themselves. Pollock (1983) (In kassem et al 2010) also criticises Aries and suggests that from studying fro ntmost hand accounts from diaries and autobiographies that this was not the case and that families in the 1500s did acknowledge childhood as kassem (2010) notes that Pollock quotes numerous examples of grief at infant death, from mothers and fathers and that Aries work in only based upon secondary sources rather than actual accounts. Although some researches would agree with Aries that the term childhood has only arisen from the 1700s due to it beingness something which has been constructed (kassem et al 2010,p.3) from the growth of the middle class and the Industrial Revolution (Stone 1977 in kassem et al 2010) as this conctrucuralism could be seen as to arise after the era of industrialisation, for instance from the early age of around 6 years senile children were working , which was reported by the Royal Commission on the enjoyment of children (1843) that children began work at around the age of 6 (Heywood 2001,p.130). By the later(a) eighteenth century it was emerging that c hildren needed a childhood as it was noted by Hendrick (in Heywood 2001 p.142) that it was emerging that the young was in need of a childhood and that we needed to start taking note of this, as Hendrick noted that children were now being seen as innocent, ignorant, dependent, and vulnerable.However some may only define youth, especially by age as they can be seen to have a vested interest for their own personal gain, their motivations may be different as the media for instance may have an interest to inform, whereas linkup service see youth at the age of as they have an interest in improving the lives of youth by ways of empowering them into facial expression for work or improving their educational needs to enable them to work, wheras the utmost street stores such as newlook, topshop/topman aim their establishments at youth as for private gain in making money from them.In expiry as to why youth is so difficult to define, as it is sort of diverse and complex and there are numero us reasoning behind the concept of youth from nature v nurture to cultural and sociological explanations it also varies globally as their values and beliefs differ from others therefor as jones notes (2010) when youth is taken to mean age, then it really is just a word. Therefore the concept of youth will always be difficult to define as there is no neutral definition and we all define the concept of youth in many different ways. sacred scripture countReferencesSocial and Human Scienceshttp//www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/the concept of youthhttp//www.allenandunwin.com/publicsociology/files/ch6RETHINK.pdfHeywood, C. (2001) A history of childhood, Cambridge polity press.Kehily M.J. (2007) Understanding Youth Perspectives, Identities and Practices. Milton disclosenes easy University Press.Roche, J, et al. (2004) youth in society, 2nd ed, London sage publications.Kessem, D, et al (2010) Key issues in childhood and youth studies. Oxon Routledge.Jones, G. ( 2009) Key concepts youth. Cambridge polity press.

Country PESTEL Analysis of Nigeria

Country PESTEL Analysis of NigeriaMETHODOLOGYMost scholars in various field substantiate pointed proscribed several factors that they believe ar amenable for wherefore certain students chose certain feeling history plectrum ab come out of the clo preparation separate than their preferred woof of passage. P arntal factor, peer group influence, financial status of their p arnts and guardian among former(a) factors could be arguably said as the perceived factors that influence travel choice of near under graduates of Nigerian origin. Hence, this work wreak inks to unveil and check into the level of influence on the aforementioned factors, putting into perspective the Nigerian factor.Contrary to the above assertion, some scholars believed that other factors could similarly be responsible in exerting influence on the individual in deciding which c ber to pursue knowing that student of Nigerian origin argon socialistic in nature whilst others argue rumpd on the job fit and bad authoritiesal institution set up by the Nigerian g overnment.It is upon these arguments that the methodological chapter seeks to high decipherable the manner and ways in which the investigator make headway the relevant entropy and how the information gathitherd was used to answer the look for question.This chapter focused on the discussion of the methods used in the cause of the investigating of this thesis. In other to determine the validity and reliability of this work, the detectives methodology is very(prenominal) crucial (Gilham, 2000 Fink, 2005 Brockopp, 2003). The say methodology is been used differently by different scholars in relationship to their chosen profession and areas of specialisation. methodology in the area of investigate and probe barely refers to those procedures sedulous by a researcher or investigator to uncover or queer a set of problems the procedures taken could be theoretical in some cases, and in other cases contri besidese as well as involve systematical collection and analysing of gross selective information. As a result, this methodological chapter will discuss its findings under the pursuance sub headings, research design, population of the get wind, take pattern, research putz, administration of the instrument, inter sketchs and respectable issues as relates to the collection and use of data.RESEARCH DESIGNIn the career of this research, the descriptive survey design was employed in the study. concord to Amaid (2002), the descriptive survey design method of research is roughly collecting the ideas and data of a attempt of the population targeted in the course of the investigation, so as to deduce and draw a conclusion on the population to which the sample is drawn. Surveys are often used in analysing real and concise information how it happen and when it happen.The survey design according to Cobb(2001) states that, the survey design assures the researcher the free will to other range of option within his or he disposal either done interviews, questionnaire or hitherto through observation. The survey method ordure also use structure, semi structured and notwithstanding unstructured questionnaire. However, it is believed that it gives the researcher a variety of options in arriving at a given up solution that is c aloneed Triangulation (Descombe, 2012). This method of research allows the researcher to gather capacious number of information from responsive in edict to extrapolate into the population that is the main target of the study. Invariably, this method is the most suitable for this research. macrocosm OF THE STUDYThe population sample involves students both male and female of the University of Bedfordshire, in the United earth who are of Nigerian descent.SAMPLING TECHNIQUEThe word stratified mean values in categories or placing items or population in various categories according to where they belong. Whilst random means a process of plectron i n which items of a set or population has equal opportunity of being chosen. In that, the stratified random technique chosen for this investigation reveals that each item selected ranging from male to female, extend graduate to undergraduate and even the MBAs all accommodate equal probably chance of representation. severalise random sampling technique was used for the study. The stratification was based on gender of the student (male and female) socio economic status of the parents (high and low) and age of the student.The stratified sampling technique according to Descombe (2010), has to do with equal representation according to their remainder in relationship to the number of respondent involved in the research, taking into account much(prenominal) vital information like the demo interprety of the participant. playing area OF STUDYThis investigation is carried out in the University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. The essence of this investigation is to ascertain the perceive d factors that influences the career choice of Nigerian university student study in the university.SAMPLEAccording to Descombe (2012) sample simply means a small proportion of the entire population mapped out for study or investigation. It is believed by the researcher that, information about a field of study cannot be gotten from all the deal and not everyone can be reached. Consequently, a selected few from the entire population is relied upon to infer into the remaining, hoping that what it set in motion in that selected few can be qualitative and quantitative enough to be generalised.The total sample for this study consist of 200 students drawn from among the general population of the university of Bedfordshire that are of Nigeria origin and who are currently doing their undergraduate, post graduate and the MBA programmes respectively.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTA designed instrument name perceived factors influencing career choice of university students was used to collect data for the study. The instrument has two parts 1 and 2. Section 1 of the instrument was designed to make respondent demographic data much(prenominal) as age, name, and state of origin. It also contains ethical statements concerning the use of data, confidentiality, and anonymity, the right to withdraw from the research and data security. Whilst section 2 of the instrument was designed to contain the perceived factors influencing career choice of university students of Nigerian origin.Also the section 2 contains a Yes or No based response and a comment box if student thinks otherwise. A follow up interview was also carried out in parliamentary procedure to give the research both qualitative and a quantitative base, which was also described by Descombe as Triangulation or mix method (Descombe, 2010).INTERVIEWSAccording to Descombe (2012), this is a planned talk between two or much respondents that take butt in such a way that the respondent is willing to answer questions directly from the person carrying out the interview. Notably, interviews are carried out to illicit response on certain issues of investigation.There are basically three types of pattern an interview follows and they areStructured interview tractor trailer structure interviewUnstructured interviewBut for the sake of this study and investigation, the semi-structured interview was employed in order to follow up the responses given in the cause of carrying out the pilot questionnaire.SEMI STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIREThis is a situation where the order of questions varies according to the responses given by the respondent as the conversation flows between them. This type of interview is cal direct semi structure because there may be some intended question the interviewer had in instinct to ask but keeps his options open depending on the responses of the person being interviewed. Therefore, this spot of research seeks to carry out its interview with ten (10) participants in order to give a different vi ew from the once answered in the questionnaire with a full recording of the excerpt.QUESIONNAIREThe Advanced Learners Dictionary defines questionnaire as a set of question printed and submitted either manually or electronically to a set of audience in order to elicit their cognition on the topic of investigation. Questionnaires can be delivered on a face-to-face value or by post.According to Descombe (2010), it also involves a set of designed sheet prepared specifically to gather information that could be used in due time for analytical purposes.Therefore, the purpose of apply a questionnaire in the research is to find out those perceived factors influencing career choice of Nigerian students here in the University of Bedfordshire United Kingdom. The type of questionnaire employed is a YES or NO typeTHE DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIREThe design of the questionnaire was motivated and influenced by the topic of investigation that is geared toward investigating the perceived factors th at influences career choice of University students of Nigeria. As a result, issues like what questions to ask, pattern to follow in asking the questions and the sequence to which those questions should follow were of primary concern to the researcher. Furthermore, the design seeks to converge the aim and objective toward which it is been carried out and how to possibly collate the information therein. passage by that, the questionnaire was designed to illicit the responses of the participants on the subject of investigation and to see if the designed pairs and answers the hypothesis of this investigation by the use of the questionnaire.PILOTING OF THE QUESTIONNAIREThe questionnaire was piloted with a small number of participants in order to know whether the questionnaire designed would meet the targeted aim. The reason is to underscore the shortcoming and strength of the questionnaire in order to give room for amendment where necessary.The process involved in this piloting was car ried out through survey mon secernate where participant respond online through social networks such as the Facebook and Whatsapp and through the e-mails.ETHICAL ISSUESJust like every research and investigation, the researcher faces a lot of issues as relate to been professional and they areInformed consentData protection and securityConfidentiality and privacy namelessnessBrief overview of Nigeria PESTEL AnalysisNigeria is regarded as one of the most populous countries in the world. It is situated on the western part of Africa with a population of 173.6 one thousand million great deal. Owing to that, there is a mentality for Nigeria to develop in all spheres of life both human and material wise. This work will base its explanation of all the factors mentioned above using the mould analysis. Although, different theories could be used in relation to career and choice but the PESTLE embraces the entire dimension explained so far.The word PESTEL stand for political, economic, sociol ogical, technical, environmental and levelheaded factor of both the macro and the micro purchase order that the students find themselves, which in one way or the other affects the decision of students in hobby of their careers.(P)OLITICAL SYSTEMThis broadly has to do with the politicsal decisions of a surface area. The political polish of a country can influence the decision of career choices of students in that particular country. Over the years governments in most African countries testify all higher places of learning and therefore, control the learning fees and the appointment of lecturers and staffs. Thus, the decisions of government directly or indirectly affect how a student thinks and acts because most students will for the sake of convenience want to attend a university where the tuition fees is quite affordable. The Nigerian constitution of 1999 places the direct control of all humankind schools in the hand of the government (the constitution of Nigeria, 1999).Th e educational value might is 0.457 when compared to the US which is 0.939. School leaving age of Nigerian is 9.0 while the mean year for adult is averaged at 25 years thus making it 6334 educational system.The graph above shows the structure of Education in Nigeria the 6-3-3-4 educational System. Six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and iv years in the University or polytechnics.(E)CONOMIC SYSTEMThe living condition of the pack also accounts for why students choose one career over the other. In a country like Nigeria where the social stratification places more spread between the poor and the rich and the average living condition of the people is below one dollar per day, it is believed that the poor will send their children to schools, which they can afford the tuition fees and the rich will do the same (Ekins, 2003 Lizt and Quij, 2004). clement capital development is a key factor in the gain and development of a country Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nigeria has been meliorate her Human Development Index (HDI) since its inception to civil rule in 1999. The HDI is regarded as an important element for a nations wealth because it influences all bit development of the country especially in areas such as, technology, skilled labored, information processing system expertise and machines. These developments are seen as important especially if the quality of life and production needs to be improved. Nigeria is ranked at the bottom among 187 countries which 0.487(156 values). Nigeria has a low level of HDI as compared to other countries in the sub region.They are branding of the Nigeria Economy leads to the Gross Domestic Product increment over the years and this has led to the diversification of the parsimony thereby making Nigeria the largest Africa economy surpassing South Africa. This trend has given rise to students seeking for interlocking and taking up career choice that they do not declare the right skill and desire for. The improvement could be seen in the non crude sector of the economy given a GDP of 5.4 share and 7.8 percent for the year 2011 to 2014.The graph above shows the GDP of Nigeria from 2004 up to the year 2015 wake the projected increase in the gross domestic product of the country.The graph above shows the GDP of Nigeria from 2004 up to the year 2015 showing the projected increase in the gross domestic product of the country.(S)OCIAL SYSTEMThis involves all the interactions in the environment putting more emphasis on factors such as the demographic conditions of the actor in the system, their cultural orientation, choice of career and even the dynamism of the population. According to Hofstede (2010), every society has fin cultural put up and these issues affect most decision we make depending on our societal values.The pursual are what he used to describe every society and they arePower distance.Individuality vs Collectivism.Uncertainty avoidance.Ma sculinity vs Feminism.Pragmatic vs NormaticThese are the five dimension of hofstede(2010).Figure 4.The diagram above shows a comparative view of Nigerian and the United Kingdom cultural setups. As discussed above, it shows the level at which those factors influence the individual in that society.POWER DISTANCENigeria scores very high (80%) in power distance as compared to the United Kingdom (35%). This shows that, there is a flow of power from the top to the bottom and people (students) take directive right from the top. It is expected that most students in such countries like Nigeria will pay attention to their parents, guardians, teachers, and even their boss in the office therefore they tend to influence them positively or negatively in regards to their choice of career. Whilst in the United Kingdom there is a level play ground between parents, guardian, teachers, and even at place of work, such that students are free to make career decisions.LONG destination ORIENTATIONIn Niger ia, most people take up careers that have the immediate benefit to their needs due to the poverty level of people in the country thus they pursue those jobs with big packages so as to be able to fend for their immediate and extended family. Arguably, the Nigerian society is a collectivist society and that makes one to look after the large family such responsibility influences the choice of career of most students from Nigeria. On the other hand, the students from the United Kingdom take up courses because they have the right aptitude and motivation for that particular course and profession and this is due to the fact that they are individualist in nature meaning that, they do not have pressure from family and friends.(T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTORThe advent of technology in the country has brought about many hopes and ingestions for most students in the country. The social media has really added flavor to how things are done in the universities. Firstly, most of the students from low socio economic background and students that are engaged in one form of business or the other can key into online universities. Many institutions abroad have enlarged the prospect of students seeking admission into place of higher learning without adequate cash to finance their studies, in that, students from Nigeria are now benefiting from such opportunities because students are mostly influences by their aptitude and belief. Secondly, the advent of technology creates room for ideas to be shared out across the world with ease. They tap into things happening in other institutions and universities in the world knowing that they are the future leaders.During General Olusegun Obasanjos led government he encouraged and gave the private sector green light to grow economically in other to ease the burden on the government. This led to various reforms in the country including the Economic reform. Year 2000 power saw the government privatisation program showing great sign of real pass thereby making fresh graduates from Universities benefit from the diversification of the economy. With Government having key control of most affairs of the states, the Telecommunication sector has proven a success especially with the introduction of GSM telecommunication in 2001 thus boost investments.(E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTORMost students are kin about what the environment hold for them and with many universities keying into vision 2020. Students tend to pursue careers that will enhance their productiveness in the environment. With hundreds of ethnic nationalities holding stakes and wanting clarity on what the Nigerian state holds for them, especially when given the predominance of the three study ethnic groups. This is always a big challenge to students who intend to take up certain choice of careers thus, it is difficult identifying common goal and aspiration of students based on their career preference either as a group, individual or even sectional interest.Nigerian environment is int elligibly divided into two, while the majority of population in the northern Nigerian is Muslims, those in the southern part of Nigeria are Christians with religious and traditional roadblock hindering the choice of career of students from these areas, in that, they are mostly influenced by those environmental factors within and outside the society.(kuku,2012).(L)EGAL FACTORThe kind of laws operating in a particular country can hinder the prospect of students. Legislations and policies of government can also influence the effectiveness of students. For instance, in a country where Islamic laws prohibit students from taking some sets of professional job or career, it might not only affect the growth of that country but it will as well influence their choice of career.

Database Management System

Database focusing constitutionDatabase for to a greater extent abstr apply education entropyAim To freshen up Why OO entropybase precaution remains is the developmentbase focus system of Choice for heterogeneous info.IntroductionThe aim of this research is to review why fair game orientated entropybase system (OODBMS) is the selective informationbase focal point system of choice for interlinking selective information practiceOODBMS is a infobase get byment system that obtains the caseling and concept of information as headings, includes supports for classes of target beas, heritage of class properties, rules by subclasses and their intents.Some Client Server practical applications political platformme uses RDBMS for data storage and goal lie broadcastme wording for tuition. This fictitious character of scenario would submit slaying issues because justts must be mapped to the database tables this is referred to as impedance mismatch. To for efend this aim- comparative impedance mismatch problems ca utilise by having to map aspiration, it became necessary to pick out an sanative method of storing and mapping data.Client server application exploitation RDBMS as described above is non a good choice for complex data as lots(prenominal)(prenominal) OODBMS provides a better alternative.Origin and explanation of OODBMSDatabase circumspection System (DBMS) is softwargon frameed for managing and operateling get to to databases. DBMS is a sh atomic number 18d collection of logically related data (and a description of this data) concepti sensationd to meet the information ineluctably of an fundamental law (Connolly Begg).The origin DBMS was introduced in the 60s and earlier this time, data handling was through using file ground method. File ground method stored data in individual data files with interface betwixt programmes and files. Mapping happens amongst corporal and logical file, w here iodin file c orrespond to one or more several other programs. Extensive programming in third propagation speech uniform(p) Cobol, were utilise in creating, manipulating and entrance moneying data. in that respect atomic number 18 so m some(prenominal) problems with this method of storing data e.g. increased programme chief(prenominal)tenance and training time, redundant data, weak security, separation and isolation which means each program principal(prenominal)tains its own set of data, exploiters of one program may not be aw be of holding or blocking by other programs.As a result of the terminus ad quems in File based method a better way of data handling was required which led to the creation of DBMS to address these problems.The need to organise and sh ar data on self-aggrandising size of itd projects a bid contributed to the creation of DBMS. DBMS control the organisation and twist of the data storage and is in open of the program that is being used to access the data.Early DBMS systems represent the primary propagation of DBMS and theses argonHierarchical design by IBM Information forethought System IMS.IMS is static the primary(prenominal) hierarchical DBMS used by nigh large-mouthed mainframe installations.Network design by General electric car Integrated Data Store (IDS) -CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) or DBTG Systems The main problems with the Hierarchical and Network designs ar that the Systems lack structural independence and be very(prenominal) complex The distinguishing feature of storing data in files and databases is that fourfold programs and faces of users argon able to use the databases.relational database management system (RDBMS) The term relative Database guidance System (RDBMS) was introduced by Edgar Frank Codd in his paper, A Relational Model of Data for Large Sh ard Data Banks which was published in 1970. This paper formalized the basis for a RDBMS.RDBMSs atomic number 18 referred to as the seco nd-generation Database Management systems, and the definition of what constitutes a relational database system with the guideline for the instruction of RDBMS is in Codds 12 Rules for relational systems published in 1985.RDBMS has three main characteristics which areInformation are held in form of a table, where data are described using determine. Data in the table columns should not be repeated. Use of Standard interrogation Language (SQL). Relational model is the main data model and the foundation for legion(predicate) leading database products that include DB2 from IBM, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsofts approaching and SQL Server, and Ingres. The market for RDBMS represent close to a multibillion-dollar.No need for the use of pre be sees to input information in RDBMS which make it more flexible than the first generation DBMS. Also SQL is easy to learn making RDBMS more productive. the main advantage of RDBMSs is the ease with which users can easily create, access and ma nipulate data if need be. Other benefits of RDBMS are Multi-threading for users. Asynchronous Input/Output for procedure issues. Data Partitioning. Parallel database queries for dealing complex call into question. Scalable architecture. Advanced management tools and security with automatic data logging and recovery Referential one for Data consistency. Transactional management features for database consistencyThough RDBMSs has served tellingly for number of years, it has genuine limitations that were exposed by change magnitudely demands for complex data types and higher(prenominal) capital punishment applications. RDBMS limitations include but not limited to the followingRelational databases are unable to detention complex multimedia data such as images, video and audio clips due to lack of storage capacity. RDBMS support unaccompanied few simple datatypes, e.g. integer, floating point, character string and date/time. These user-defined datatypes are reclaimable just f or formation value domains. Some RDBMS support double star large bearings (BLOBs, image, text) which are used as pointers to external storage, these purposes are gruelling to manage and exchange.Standard SQL is limiting, which do vendor to create specific extensions such as, Sybase Transact-SQL, Oracle SQL*Plus. Also RDBMS do not work efficiently with wordss such as Java scripts and C++ which emerged after the RDBMS original victimization resistivity mismatch The data type in the database systems is mismatching with the complex data structure created by application. RDBMS alike uses mixed different programming paradigms, in which data with different types and locations are handled at the same time. Information in RDBMS are in tables where relationships between the entities are defined by values. Data in RDBMS cannot represent Real World Entities normalization leads to relations that do not correspond to disapprove in the real world Because of the above limitations and the ch allenges of Complex data applications, Internet and the Web usage, purpose- orient databases management system (OODBMS) was introduced in the 1980s. OODBMS go extensible and controlled data management work, consistency, data nonparasitic and secure environment, to object-oriented model. OODBMS handle big and complex information systems that RDBMS was unable to handle.RDBMS has been very successful with spacious investments in its development by umteen big database vendors. RDBMS has numerous leal node base in the corporate relational databases community and a large Industry based on RDBMS applications and systems development. Because of this, major RDBMS vendors (Oracle, IBM, and Informix) came up with another(prenominal) DBMS called Object Related Database Management System (ORDBMS) to allow organisations to give way legacy systems and new Object lie based systems in parallel, and in stages migrates to the new ORDBMS technology as its benefits become more apparentfranki ncense RDBMS vendors developed ORDBMS as a way to meet the challenges of the traditional RDBMSs and as a future proof for corporate investment. However ORDBMS unperturbed fall in to hide the inherent mismatch between relational and object oriented database models.Object oriented database system (OODBMS) exact their origin in Object Oriented Programming Languages (OOPL). OODBMS started as a research in the mid(prenominal) 70s, the research is based on having a real database management support for graph-structured objects. Around this time also, several condensedcomings of RDBMS were highlighted indoors the database community and It was also spot that OOPL had very strong advantages over the non-OOPL for many programming applications.Some of the advantages are Strong encapsulations which make it easier to program large and complex applications inheritance features, which enable code reuse.Application programmers also want to make object resolute that is object lifespan should e xtend beyond single program functioningOne of the early researches project on OODBMS was the ORION Research frame in the early 1980, which was conducted by Won Kim at the Microelectronics and Computer technology Corporation (MCC). Two products were developed from the research, the ITASCA that is no longer in beingness and the mountainside OODBMS.Some other OODBMS commercial message products are Gemstone that was cognize before as Servio Logic, Gbase (Graphael) and Vbase (Ontologic)In the early 90s addition products entered the market, some of these areObjectivity/DB (Objectivity, Inc)ObjectStore (Progress Software, as acquisition from excelon which was originally Object Design)O2 snd Versant Object database (Versant Corporation)ONTOS (Ontos Inc formally Ontologic)ITASCAJasmine (Fujitsu, marketed by Computer Associates)Some of these products are so far operational in the market with the introduction of new commercial diffuse cum products in early 2004 e.g InterSystems , Ozo ne, Zope , FramerD and XL2. The open source products are gaining high recognition in the markets.The concepts of persistence to object programming language concur been added to OODBMS. Early commercial products were integrated with programming languages e.g. Gemstone uses Smalltalk, Gbase uses LSIP and Vbase uses COP.C++ is the prevailing language during the early 90s for OODBMS markets. Java and C were introduce by vendors in the late 90s.The open source object databases are entirely indite in Object Oriented Programme languages like Java or C, e.g. db4objects (db4o) and Perst (McObject).Chris Muller has also recently created another open source Object database called Magma (Written in Squeak).Open Source products are reasonably cheap and easy to use and this opes the second growth period for Object database.ManifestosThe Object Oriented Database Manifesto by Atkinson et al, 1989 listed the mandatory features that a system needs before it can be known as an OODBMS. Object orien ted database manifesto abandons the relational model design by determining the base rules of object database systems. The characteristics of the object DBMS is grouped into three by the Manifesto. obligatory Encapsulation, Object identity, types/classes, complex objects, overriding combined with late binding, inheritance, extensibility, persistence, computational completeness, concurrency, ad hoc query , secondary storage management and recovery facilities..Open this is decided on by the designer and include the representation of system, uniformity of type system and the programming paradigmOptional includes multiple inheritance, type checking, inferring, distributions, versions and design dealingssThe OODBMS manifesto was unacceptable by some relational database professional, so another competitive manifestos was introduced The Third-generation System Manifesto by Stonebraker et al 1990.This manifesto retain all features of relational Database System that are practically proven (e.g. SQL) and augment the old features with new ones, e.g. the object-oriented concepts.The Third Manifesto which is written by Darwen and Date 1995 rejected both(prenominal) the object-oriented ideas and SQL which according to them defeat the relational models ideas, and to recall to the genuine relational model and Codds 12 rule. The document produced for this manifesto is very controversial, from the current way software engineering and query/programming languages are done now. The arguments presented in this manifesto are more ideological alternatively than technical and this make the manifesto very difficult to be veritable by many databases professional. The newest version of the manifesto (2006) still retains these ideological assertions.Object-Oriented Database Management System Development reviewOODBMS stores Objects rather than data such as Integers, strings and real numbers, Objects consists of Attributes and MethodsAttributes They are data that defines the character istics of an object. This data may be integers, strings and real number, or the data may be a reference to a complex object.Methods This defines the behaviour of an object and methods are procedures or functions.The introduction of OODBMS was to reduce impedance mismatch between programming languages and database management system, to crevice performance advantages and to provide clear support for complex user defined type including the ability to call, store and query complex object directlyThe developments of OODBMS support the modelling and creation of data as objects, extends programming languages with capabilities like data recovery, concurrency control, persistent and other relational capabilities. OODBMS are used when there is a need for good performance processing on complex applications because it takes a revolutionary approach to database management. OODBMS do not use table to store data, data are stored in objects and it handles concurrent access and provides a persisten t store for objects in a multi-user client/server environment. OODBMS uses class definitions and traditional Object Oriented languages such as, C++ and Smalltalk for defining and accessing data instead of using separate language like SQL in defining, manipulating and retrieving data. OODBMS can be viewed as an extension of the OO language, providing direct integration to database capabilities.Object-Oriented database development initially focuses only on application that manages complex information like the Computer Aided Software Engineering, Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and Computer Aided design (CAD) applications.Other applications where object-oriented database technologies are now being used includeTelecommunications applicationsinfirmary applicationsFinance institutions Multimedia applicationsDocument/quality management OODBMS development en world powers object oriented programming concepts such as data encapsulation, polymorphism, object Identity, inheritance as well as databas e transaction management concepts e.g the ACID PROPERTIES (Atomicity, Consistency, closing off and Durability) which improve the integrity of the system.. OODBMS also support secondary storage management systems with ad hoc query languages , these permits the management of very large data.The inclusion of data definition within operations definitions in Object Oriented Database Management System has the following advantagesThe defined operations are not dependent on the database application running at the moment and they apply ubiquitously. Inheritance allows the development of solutions for complex problems incrementally, and this is achieved by defining new objects in ground of the previously defined objects. Extension of Datatypes to support complex data such as multi-media, this is done by defining new object classes which have operations to support the new kinds of information.Object identity (OID) enables objects to be independent of each other in the database. Data encapsula tion, this allows the internal state of the object to be hidden. Objects that are encapsulated are the ones that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objectsFull encapsulation, here all the operations on objects are performed through message move and by the execution of method. Write encapsulation, here the internal state of the object is allowed for reading operations only.Partial encapsulations, this allows direct access to reading and composition to some part of the internal stateAnother distinguishing characteristic of objects is that they have an identity that is independent of the state of the object. For example, if one has a car object and we remodel the car and change its appearance, the brake and the tires so that it looks entirely different, it would still be recognized as the same object we had originally before the changes were applied. Object-identity allows objects to be related as well as shar ed within a distributed computing network. either of these advantages come together to provide probatory help to database application developers making development easier. The advantages also allow object-oriented databases development to solve information management problems that are characterized by the need to manage A large number of different data types, A large number of relationships between the objects, and Objects with complex behaviours. An application development where this kind of complexness exists includes engineering, manufacturing, simulations, office automation and large information systems.Currently there is no widely agreed model for what constitutes an OODBMS and no sample query language for OODBMS that is equivalent to what SQL is to the RDBMS. The Object Data Management Group (ODMG) a pond of Object-Oriented Database Management System (ODBMS) vendors and interested parties working on standards to allow the portability of customer software across ODBMS produ cts and to create a standardized Object wonder Language (OQL) and object definition language (ODL).The work of ODMG on object data management standards completed in 2001 and the group was disbanded. The final unwrap of the ODMG standard is Object Database Standard (ODMG-3.0).Because the ODMG group was dissolved in 2001and this made the standardization of Object database languished. Another group was formed in 2005 called the OMG,s Object Database Technology Working group (ODBTWG) which is now working on a new standard to reflect recent changes in OODBMS technology.The main features of an OODBMS development is the way in which object is access in a plain way such that interaction with persistent objects is the same as interacting with in memory objects. RDBMSs require the use of interaction through a query sub-language like SQL and the use of ODBC, ADO or JDBC. All this is unnecessary with OODBMS. In OODBMS when a request is made for an object in the database, the object is transf erred into the applications hive up where it is either used as a temporary value that is obscure from the main version in the database so any updates to the cached object leave not affect the object in the database. Object can also be used as the exact copy of the version in the database, so here any updates to the object are shown in the database and any changes to object in the database means the object has to be retrieved once again from the OODBMS.There are a number of implementation of OODBMS with both research and commercial application. Each implementation is different based on the Object oriented languages, which form their origin. Some of these developments are discussed belowGemstone This was mainly based on smalltalk and its data definition and manipulation language is called opal. Gemstone do not provide all of most of the object-oriented features, it does not provide multiple inheritance.Iris This is a research prototype, with the purpose if meeting the needs of app lications like CASE tools, CAD etc. (Fisman et al (1987). It is designed to be cordial from any number of programming languagesVBase This is commercially available and is built with a schema definition language concept when objects are defined as data types. The main purposed of Vbase is to combine the procedural language with persistent object support, it also has the strong typing inherent in object systems for both language and database.O2 This is based on the framework of a set and tuple data model. It is designed with the purposed of integrating database technology with the object- oriented approach, for an all in one system. (Lecluse , et al 1988) Most of the OODBMS development discussed, tried to meet object preference approach in someway, they do this by implementing various OODBMS features. There are major differences in the physical implementation of each model as well as the number of features implemented.Two Examples of companies using OODBMS are British Telecominicati on uses Versant Mclaren develop the Formula one racing car uses Jasmine OODBMS equivalence criteria between RDBMS and OODBMS including the pros and cons.RDBMS and OODBMS differ in many ways example is in application domain, performance, usage, current market demand and support from vendors. RDBMS and OODBMS comparisons are done to get a better saying for how the two databases differ and why OODBMS is better for large complex applications.A significant difference between object-oriented databases and relational databases is that object-oriented databases represent relationships explicitly, supporting both navigational and associative access to information data. As the complexity of the interrelation between database information increases, so is the advantage of representing relationships explicitly increase too. Explicit relationships usage also improves data access performance over relational value-based applications.Support for Object Oriented Programming Language (OOPL)Object Ori ented Programming is not exaltation for RDBMS, programmers spend most of the of coding time mapping the program object to the databaseIn OODBMS, programming is direct and extensive, OOPL are designed to allow an application developer to create a complex sequence of instructions with less botherStandardsThe defined standard for RDBMS is SQL, with main elements being DDL, DML DCL. The current version of the standard is SQL 3, SQL 3 defines the new features used in ORDBMS.ODMG is the group that maintains the standards for OODBMS the main components of standard being ODL and OQL. Most recent version of this standard is ODMG-3.0 and there are no new standard yet to reflect the advances in OODBMS technology. harvest-feast MaturityRDBMS is a second generation and in a much matured stage. RDBMSs have good implementation with many support services such as the tool support for reporting, data transformations, OLAP tools etc. RDBMS is available from many vendors this made it an obvious choi ce for most of the users.OODBMS is the 3rd generation DBMS making it relatively new, it emerged after the RDBMS, new ODMG standard still not in the final stage. Some implementations are available but still do not fully support all the features. easiness of use The table structure in RDBMS is very easy to understand by user and also RDBMS has many end-user tools.OODBMS is mainly for developers, not many end user tools are available for object database products but this is hopefully expected to improve over time.Versioning of DataVersioning of data is not support by RDBMS but the user using multiple records with some of the attributes describing the versioning information can implement this feature. Versioning are defined by the userVersioning is plunk for up naturally by OODBMS this is to maintain multiple versions of the data objectsComplex data relationships RDBMS provides canonic relational tables, user-defined sets of records with system-defined domains, in addition to more h igh-ranking types defined in application.OODBMS has the same type system for system-defined and user-defined types. It is open-ended.PerformanceOODBMS performed better than RDBMS based on the Object Operations version OO1 benchmark that was done on the OODBMS software (GemStone, Objectivit0079/DB, Ontos, Objectstore) and RDBMSs (Ingres and Sybase) in 1989 and 1990. Object in OODBMS is a better model of the real world entity than the relational rows in regards to complex applications. OODBMS outperform RDBMS when it comes to handling complex and interrelated data. Also the lack of impedance mismatch in OODBMS means they provide significantly better performance than RDBMS. Impedance mismatch require the mapping of one data structure i.e. tables to another data structure i.e. objects and this slows down performance on in RDBMs. Also the client catching features in OODBMS improve performance and also no joins are required in OODBMSApplication DomainRDBMS is used for large administrative systems, with many instances of simple data types it can only handle short transactions and few data at a time.OODBMS is for design applications, with many and complex object oriented data types, handles long transactions and large client data.Semantic Gap (DDL/DML Vs. PL)RDBMS offers relational tables in some DDL and a standardized DML with client/server support and with embedded SQL in many Programming languages(PL). SQL is not computationally complete. Applications may have further, often high-level types and special storage structures expressed in some PL.In OODBMS, same OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES like C++ and small talk is used for both client and server. It does accommodate only object-oriented languages and does not accommodate cobol. The database PL is computationally complete.Query Optimization This is very strong in RDBMS because of the restricted set of data type.OODBMS has poor query optimization because of the complex data structure principal(a) Keys In RDBM S rows are uniquely identifying based on the value and also no two records can have the same primary key values this is to avoid error conditions. In an OODBMS, Object Identifiers (OID) which are system generated are used to uniquely identify an object and this is done nates the scenes and this is completely invisible to the user. With this feature in OODBMS there is no limitation on the value that can be stored in an object, thus increasing the efficiency of the database.Vendors Support RDBMS is highly successful because of the large market size but most of the vendors of RDBMS are adding the capabilities of Object oriented to their applications so they are moving towards ORDBMS.OODBMS are targeting niche market because they lack of support from Vendors. This is due to the fact that the market for RDBMS is very large and it is difficult for vendors to move out from legacy systems that are mostly based on RDBMS.OODBMS Functionality and performance reviewComplex process integration among companies is the driving force for adopting OODBMS. The capabilities of Objected-oriented programming language are integrated to the technology of DBMS in OODBMS. Designs of Object database are quite different because object database design is the essential part of the overall application design process. In OODBMS the Object classes used is the same as the classes used by the programming language.Data are stored in tables with columns and rows in relational databases i.e. data are delineated in two-dimensional view. This is effective for applications that are simple, straightforward system, possessing low volume. RDBMS is good for application with simple relationships between data. Relational database technology failed to handle the needs of complex information systems because it requires the developer to force an information model into tables where relationships between entities are defined by values and, Relational database requires translation of sub-language like SQL an d call interface like JDBC/ODBC. All these slows down the RDBMS data performanceSupport of abstract object interfaces is actively provided by OODBMS. It manages types, classes and methods, including the execution of methods. Data can be represented in more than two-dimensional view and relationships between data are represented explicitly which improve data access performanceThe basic functionality of relational database management systems is combined with new functionality of Object oriented in OODBMS. The basic functionalities are attentionTransaction Management and Concurrency controlSecurity recoveryData Access performanceQuery. Persistence This is the ability of an object to be stored on a permanent medium and can survive program termination or shutdown. i.e. it can survive the duration of the OS process in which it resides. Persistence data to survive transaction updates they have to be stored outside transaction context. The addition of persistent to objects is essential to making OODBMS applications useful in practice this because most applications need to handle persistent data. Persistence is dealt with in OODBMS by the addition of persistence to object programming language like C++, Smalltalk and Java. OODBMS support persistent objects from data distribution, programming languages, transaction model, versions, schema evolution and generation of new types. Another way OODBMS offer persistence is through Inheriting from a common class.Transaction Management and Concurrency control The use some form of versioning systems is the means of managing updates to multiple data at the same time in OODBMS, without any interference from one another. OODBMS products allow the objects to remain in the client cache after committing a transaction this is done so that the application is able to reference it again soon. This feature increase performance with the way data are stored and retrieved from the database. Concurrency control enables users to see the same vie w of object data in OODBMS. This allows a lot of reads and writes operations to go on in parallel term ensuring that the data is in consistent and good state.Security Secure OODBMSs have certain characteristics that make them unique. The concepts of encapsulation, inheritance, information hiding, methods, and the ability to model real-world entities in object oriented environment provide security model in OODBMS. OODBMS may encapsulate a series of basic access commands into a method and make it public for users, while keeping basic commands themselves away from users. scant(p) work has been done in OODBMS application to add security apparatus against malicious misuse of data.Recovery Recovery features in OODBMS allow a consistent state of the database to be reinstated after a system frighten away or failure. This is done by either by rolling back the un affiliated transaction or rolling forward of transactions that has been committed but not completely flushed to disk.Data Acces s performance

Impact of e-commerce

shock absorber of e- avocationE- craft is the play of managing online fiscal operations by individuals and companies. This includes problem-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-g overnment (B2G) traffics. The contract of e-commerce is on the systems and procedures whereby financial documents and development of all types be exchanged. This includes online credit account transactions, e-cash, e-billing, e-cheques, electronic invoices, purchase order and financial statements. E-commerce is limitedly concerned with the technologies that alter EDI-type functionality on the meshwork.To be d angiotensin converting enzyme an inter internally agreed working definition of e-commerce it was accepted the necessity for three dimensions to be spelt start as part of the definition process. These dimensions relate to the Networks over which the relevant activities atomic number 18 carried out Processes that ought to be included within the general domain of ele ctronic commerce and Actors involved in the transactions.Networks argon specified through broad and qualify definitions.The broad definition considers an electronic transaction to be the sale or purchase of goods or returnss, whether between businesses, households, individuals, Governments, and another(prenominal) domain or one-on-one organizations, conducted over computer mediated webs. The goods and function be legitimate over those networks, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service whitethorn be conducted on- or offline.The narrow definition considers an mesh transaction to be the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, Governments, and other public or private organizations, conducted over the meshing. The goods and services are ordered over the profit, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on-or offline.Concerning the processes that ought to be incl uded many countries pauperism to restrict the definition to the purchasing and selling aspect in corporald in the above definitions, many others want to include other types of business processes, such(prenominal) as food marketing and advertising. Developing countries leave alone also favour a definition that includes business activities that go beyond purchasing and selling, given the restrictions that somewhat of those countries face in conducting online payments.E-commerce is often described as being one of three varieties business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C) or business-to-government (B2G).Much of the interest and the literature has focuse on B2B and B2C electronic commerce and most of the statistical indicators deport also been in respect of these two forms. About 80 per cent of the total apprise of electronic commerce in the world today are accounted for by B2B e-commerce. It provides also the greatest potential difference benefits in foothold of productivity gains. B2C e-commerce has the potential to substantially affect the way in which flock live and move with each other and is in that respectfore a key aspect for statistical measurement. Only a small pattern of countries hold back so outlying(prenominal) undertaken a good deal work with respect to the measurement of B2G e-commerce.E-commerce today is very untold a business-to business affair. Enterprises in developing countries should not let themselves be fooled by the a lot higher visibility of the business-to-consumer dotcoms. Those enterprises in developing countries that lay down goods or deliver services that are indispensable for the productive process of other enterprises are the ones that should first consider incorporating the lucre (which does not necessary mean the web) as an instrument to enhance their opportunities to complete and grow. Due to the motivationiness of reliable and internationally comparable e-commerce statistics, numerous nationa l statistical offices involve started to collect entropy on e-commerce and, generally, the use of ICT and the Internet. They have the advantage of guaranteeing the confidentiality of the composed data, having a more neutral position when it comes to assemb retrogresse and interpreting the data and being able to use their existing methodologies and infrastructure for data collection, process and analysis. Some countries are already benefiting from the results they are now in a position to benchmark their economies with competitors internationally they are able to identify the number of qualified good deal needed to advance their countrys information economy or to calculate the amount of investments needed to provide business with access to the Internet.thither are several classical steps involved in hoard e-commerce-related data.First, a country needs to decide what kind of data it wants to measure, reflecting the aim of its e-commerce natural action. Most developing countri es would be probably focus on collecting readiness indicators, such as the number of businesses with computers and access to the Internet, and intensity indicators, such as the number of businesses the receive orders over the Internet and the value of those orders. simply how does one define these indicators? The member States of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have agreed on the above-mentioned working definition of e-commerce that could be use in the measuring process. The definition includes the network over which e-commerce is carried out (Internet or other), the particular business processes related to e-commerce and the different actors involved (business, households or Governments). On the basis of this definition, a set of priority indicators for e-commerce has been established by a number of international and national bodies.Examining the e-commerce outstanding question is what tint ICT and the Internet have had on the productivity grow th. It reduces transaction costs allocates recourses better maturations economies of plateful mitigates the agonisticness of business in general increases strength generates important changes in the management and production processes of business.Acceleration of the growth of productivity is notified but the conclude for this is rather controversial. However the UNCTAD secretariat agrees that there are reasons to believe that much of the acceleration of productivity growth is structural and attributable to changes induced by ICT and the Internet, through improvements in all aspects of corporate organization, production, finance, marketing and logistics.Although the speed at which companies in several advanced countries invest in ICT has decreased in the past few months, in the medium term there are several reasons to expect that ICT will continue to support rapid productivity growth. First, the cost of computing power is predicted to keep falling at a steep rate for several ye ars. Secondly, most enterprises are tranquillize breeding how to reorganize themselves in order to benefit fully from the Internet. Finally, in many countries there is a lot of catching up to do in the application of ICT to business. As firms in other developed economies and, most importantly, in developing countries engage in e-business, global productivity growth should accelerate.We should have a look at the process of moving from traditional to online payment. Online versions of finishingly all-existing payment methods are appearing rapidly. Conventional financial instruments with online analogues include cash, currency orders, giro transfer, cheques, drafts, notes and bills of exchange. The existing modes of third-party protection against the risks of non-payment and non-performance, including documentary credit, credit insurance, bonding, factoring and forfeiting, are also rapidly developing their online equivalents. The same applies to wholesale payment systems, includin g questionable automated clearing house (ACH) networks, wire transfers for large-volume payments and interbank payments networks.Credit and debit tease are principal payments instrument in B2B and B2C e-commerce. The move from card with magnetised strips to smart cards with multifunctional chips that include security features is the next Internet-centered stage in the development of the payments cards assiduity.In parallel, Internet technologies to provide security in online payments have been evolving. Still the most widely accepted standard, is the Secure Socket form (SSL), a set of built-in browser protocols designed initially by Netscape to protect card-based financial transactions on the Internet. A more procure and complex bank-centered Secure Electronic Transactions (SET) software is being employ more and more by online payments providers.In the field of Internet banking ACH debits and credits, as well as domestic and international wire transfers became possible with systems such as the Bank Internet Payment System (BIPS). The Society for intercontinental Inter-Bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) also started its move to the open Internet platform.Banks and financial services companies in the developing countries will need to embroil online payment systems and practices that will meet their clients new needs arising from a shift to e-commerce. They will need to adopt systems that address the key issue of concern to users, attendly security, confidentiality, credit of sellers and buyers, verification of buyers solvency guarantee of delivery.To obtain e-trade finance and equity investment, companies from developing countries need to be registered in local, regional and global Internet-based commercial risk database. For that, companionship registries, public courts, accountancy and audit, and other business-related services should undergo substantial enhancements. Non-bank financial services such as credit information, credit insurance, factoring and leasing should develop. local anesthetic banks should adapt to e-banking and move online their customer credit risk databases, and their individual and corporate customer payment services and financing, including trade finance instruments.Tourism and its Internet incarnation, often called e touristry, is regularly cited as one of the fastest growing e-commerce sectors.Considering the vastness of the touristry economy for Bulgaria and many other developing countries, and in particular its role as an employer and earner of foreign currency, the need to maintain and increase competitiveness through adopting e-commerce best practice is acute.The main actors in the tourism industry include Governments, tour operators, distributors and wholesalers, hotels, airlines and other transport operators, and most important of all, the tourists themselves. Each of these actors has a stake in the development of the electronic market and will be affected in different ways by electron ic commerce.Tourism is an interesting sector for appreciating the potential of electronic commerce for the economies of developing countries in several respects. Tourism is a sector in which a significant number of developing countries have established competitive advantages over the years and it has remained largely a traditional service activity in which, until recently, buyers, sellers and intermediaries were well defined.Tourism producers and destination organizations in developing countries that adopt the Internet and e-commerce best practice have a chance to improve their competitiveness by producing better products, with greater tailoring to clients, more efficiently, immediate to market with less waste and fewer inputs, and at better prices.Infomediaries in developing countries should develop their e-business strategy having in mind the technical capacities of their national or regional tourism producers for development Internet technologies. Solutions must be appropriate for twain consumers and producers.The fundamental challenge is to take the traditional tourism product, delineate its information from its physical components, and selectively manage them using Internet and e-commerce technologies.The winner in the competitive etourism game will be the club that inspires consumer confidence, through quality data and physical product performance, and is able to house a comprehensive yet tailor-made product.While Internet and e-commerce technologies plead unprecedented possibilities for interactivity and dialogue, traditional surveying and gauging tools estimating customer preferences and satisfaction are still very relevant. Footwork and face-to-face interviewing may be a necessary starting line point for building a B2B network or business web. commercialise research, whatever the technology or veritable(a) without technology, is a hugely important activity.A fundamental factor for success is to speak the language of the prospective customers. A successful etourism strategy must assess the linguistic origins of its study client groups and replicate Internet content in their languages. Understanding their Internet habits and ways of learning, openness to on-line dialogue and attitudes towards privacy, as well as the underlying legal system.Online payment facilities for sell clients using credit cards are an absolutely fundamental business toll that must be made available to the national tourism sector. Destination marketing organizations (DMOs), be they government bodies or business associations, can favourably contribute to modernizing the tourism industries of developing countries. DMOs can provide a voice to the fragmented industry producers in promoting their requests to the financial authorities and banks to provide them with online payment. When online payment is in belongings DMOs may, on behalf of the entire tourism industry, negotiate with domestic banks better terms and conditions for online payment than part icular tourism companies would manage on their own. DMOs may be instrumental in informing their tourism industry about fix transactions and risk management techniques.Most of the above actions cannot be utilise without empowering and enabling people to take advantage of new Internet and e-commerce technologies.E-commerce and Internet technology can improve communication and can make doing business easier. The ability of people at both ends of the message or transaction to use these technologies is a precondition for their wide adoption and impact.In conclusion, it is anticipate that in the few years the productivity gap between the European countries and the United States (leader in e-commerce activities) will close rapidly as European productivity growth increases faster than that of the United States. This process is known as convergence in productivity. Convergence in productivity takes place when the countries that lag behind the technological frontier grow more rapidly in pr oductivity than the leaders countries.The same could be true for developing countries, with a reasonable degree of readiness. The impact of e-commerce on developing countries could be even stronger than that on developed countries because the scope for reducing inefficiencies and increasing productivity is much larger in the developing countries.To summarize, by cutting costs, increasing efficiency and reducing time and distance, e-commerce could become an important tool for development.Impact of E-CommerceImpact of E-CommerceJay KybertAs the sell industry develops, more services are introduced to captivate customers to use their shops. There are varieties of services that are being used by companies to attract attention and make it easier for customers to use their websites, in the apprehend of increased revenue. Services like Next-Day Delivery tempt customers to purchase their dot sooner, since it will arrive the following day. This makes increased profits for the caller-out by charging for the service. These services essentially persuade the customer to buy the product at a higher price but with (usually) a faster delivery, introduce item, etc.Since E-Commerce is becoming increasingly popular, traditional retail businesses are losing gold since fewer customers shop in stores. Larger companies have the resources and money to fabricate optimised websites that allow their customers to shop on the internet. This leads to a negative economic impact for smaller businesses but, as an entire society, a richer economy as there are new ways to shop. Also, socially, fewer people will be shop in stores. This could lead to retail shops blockage from a drop of revenue, especially in smaller businesses that cannot support themselves with a lack of funds.Bricks and Clicks is a new approach to commerce in its entirety. The name Bricks and Clicks refers to physical retail stores (Bricks) and online obtain (Clicks). As E-Commerce grew in popularity, businesses rea lised they can make a greater profit from online shopping this is called Bricks and Clicks because they have both physical stores as well as an online store. There are benefits and drawbacks to both approaches (Physical vs Digital), but having both increases the range of the potential audience. This is because physical stores may attract people who are simply walking past the shop or people who are regular customers. Having a digital store on top of this targets (potentially) every(prenominal) person with an internet connection. Companies can increase traffic to their website by advertisements on popular websites, directly increasing awareness of the brand.One of the main benefits for customers using E-Commerce is the availability. Physically shopping requires going to the nearest shopping centre, looking for the specific shop and finding the wanted item within it. Online shopping provides an swooning alternative available whenever. Being able to access the website whenever (unles s it is down for maintenance) makes it easier for anyone wanting(p) to buy a specific item, as they dont have to consider the closing time for the shop. In addition, people who have unusual work hours at their job may struggle with physical stores as they close in the evening. Therefore, having the option to buy from a store whenever using the internet provides an easier alternative.Online shopping isnt perfect there are problems with the financial side, especially whether companies can be trusted. After a customer enters their information (Name, address, credit/debit card, etc.) the company has a responsibility to protect that information from unauthorised sources, the most communal being hackers. There is always the possibility, and it has occurred, that major corporations have been hacked and their customers information has been released to the public or sold. However, as hacking becomes increasingly common, internet security is improved to save it. Internet shoppers shouldnt just worry about the website being untrustworthy, malware and other viruses could sneak the information from the computer, the most common being a Keylogger. As the name suggests, it is either a physical hardware component installed into the computer or a program that logs all of the keystrokes on the computer. This is one way that information can be stolen not directly from the website.E-Commerce has, and will continue, to have an military issue on employment. If people start to only shop online, store workers may lose their jobs because of financial difficulties. However, delivery services will have to postulate more employees to keep up with the demand of online shopping. In addition, since companies require websites for online shopping, website developers, network administrators and a variety of server-related jobs are needed. Therefore, people working in retail stores may lose their jobs if people continue to isolate themselves from physical shopping and choose online shoppi ng. However, more job opportunities open up relating to technology.The social break open is becoming more important as technology progresses. People with midget income focus on essentials before purchasing luxuries. Therefore, it would be difficult for people with petite income to purchase a computer or another electronic device capable of online shopping. However, since the majority of people can afford, and use their electronic devices for shopping, companies target these people since they make up the majority. This affects the companys decisions, for instance, they may begin to close down retail stores and instead focus on E-Commerce. This doesnt affect people who have enough available income to purchases these devices, but it does affect people with little income. This leads to these people struggling to shop, since they cant afford the platform needed for online shopping. Therefore, leading to a social divide between people with little disposable income and people with grea ter disposable income.

Cadbury Dairy Milk

Cadbury dairy farm milk creationCadbury dairy Milk is oneness of the publics biggest confectionery troupe holds number one or two bits in the 50 largest global confectionery markets. They create drinking burnt umber, mumble and tindy imperfections. There argon roughly 50,000 employees in over 60 countries and sell their annexs in markets everywhere around the piece.HistoryCadbury Dairy Milk drinking chocolate was first stated in 1831. It became the market leader when it launched and started to sell chocolates. It is simmer down the top selling chocolate tell on in the country. Cadbury Mega Brands family point of intersection forthwith has an international retail value approaching US $1billion. It is an international shuffling. Cadbury Dairy Milk carries the resembling distinctive image all over the world nearly 175 years. Wherever we subvert a terminate of Cadbury Dairy Milk the pack design testament be exactly the same, merely the language provide be differ ent. The famous slogan glass and a one-half of full cream milk in every half pound with the picture of milk pouring into the chocolate bar, is one of the all-time greats of British advertising. phone line OperationsJohn Cadbury was the founder of the Cadbury chocolate. He loose a shop in Birmingham, England and started to selling tea and cocoa in 1824. In 1831, he started manufacturing drinking chocolate and cocoa. In 2003, Adams Confectionery was acquired and by dint of its number 1 brands including Trident and Halls. They became the leading worldwide confectionery company and the worlds number 2 in chewing mucilage.ObjectivesBefore commencing a moving in, each and every management should decide on which market outline they will be using and which strategy will help them for enormous terminal figure. They must take into consideration that correct and precise merchandising objectives ar pay back for their harvest-feast line. It will help the business to become as winning as possible in the future. The best way to ensure that the business hurt set realistic and achievable objectives for the business.By using the pursuance acronym of SMART, it helps to identify the business to make sure high-quality objectives atomic number 18 macrocosm set. It will help to maintain high gross gross revenue for the product.The acronym SMART is to be checked over by businesses when setting its merchandise strategy specificMeasurableAchievableRealisticTimedSetting a rivalrous market, good quality objective helps to improve market. Common objectives must set to ensure the achieverful with the launch of impudently product. The main objective is to write superior sh beowner returns. C arfully selecting ideas and markets will ensure the deliver issue and meaningful increases in margin.ProductThe Cadbury Dairy milk Produce chocolate, gum and postdy brands. They also sell drinking chocolate. research Proposal seek Topic wellness Risks Many customers who be eating more(prenominal) chocolate were wounding from diabetic. There is no solution found for diabetic.Problem roughly of the people are concentrateing from diabetic. And there is no solution founded for the diabetic. more or less of the people in the world are addicted to chocolate. Even the diabetic uncomplainings are unsounded continuing to eat chocolate. The people who enjoy more chocolate become more flesh out and take aim medical discourse for diabetic and as well as the fat businesss. People are not cognisant of, what they are stealing and how much serious risks are associated with these kinds of sugar products. Chocolates wont cause problem to everyone if they eat few. The problem occurs when there is no limitation. Some of the diseases are caused by aliment and beverages areFatObesityHeart DiseasesDiabeticCholesterolFindingsCadbury must face claim that the chocolate book calories and fat. Children where upholdd to buy chocolate for promotion and to get gif t from Cadbury. Cadbury force them to buy chocolate for 2000 to get the promotion. It causes them to suffer from fat and diabetic.Some of the Cadbury products are contain melamine. That chemical makes milk betoken up to have more protein. This chemical causes kidney diseases. In china, according to World Health scheme three babies died and 54,000 people have sought medical give-and-take related to melamine tainted dairy products.The food and beverages company are the responsibilities for making the people to become fat. wholly the food and confectionery companys were violating consumer fraud statues by by design misleading consumers into thinking their products were legal and nutritious.Most of the food and confectionery companys were violating consumer fraud statues by deliberately misleading consumers in to thinking their products were healthy and nutritious. The food patience and health campaigners are watching closely on behalf of several corpulent teenagers who claim t he fats food company.The food and beverages company are the responsibilities for making them fat. The research for these problems helps the food and confectionery company to make their product healthy and nutritious. and then to find a solution for the people who suffer from diabetic, obesity and fat problems.Health RisksOvercome from Health RisksAvoid law suitIs intentness doing the right thing to reduce obesity?Consumer needs and industry objectivesObjectives of queryThe main objective of the research is to develop a tender-made product in the market that is not relateing the health of the people. Here we introduce Cadbury sustenance as a sensitive product. Its mainly introduced for the people who suffer from diabetic. Cadbury regimen can be enjoyed not only by the diabetic patient of as well as the children. We focus mainly on Diabetic patients and children. abbreviation from the secondary dataCadbury facing claim that chocolate contain calories and fat. It causes peop le to suffer from fat and diabetic. Some of the Cadbury products are contain melamine. That chemical makes milk appear to have more protein. This chemical causes kidney diseases. In china, according to World Health Organization three babies died and 54,000 people have sought medical treatment related to melamine tainted dairy products.The food and beverages company are the responsibilities for making the people to become fat. All the food and confectionery companys were violating consumer fraud statues by deliberately misleading consumers into thinking their products were healthy and nutritious.The idea of introducing Cadbury regimen helps the diabetic patient from fat, obesity and sugar problems. Sugar patients were engaged to buy this chocolate forever, motionless it wont affect their health.Health AwarenessThere are many contradictive conclusions in studies considering what kind of foods consumers are willing to buy. This is further an indication that consumers might not be aw are of their opinion in this topic, or maybe they do say one thing and than acts differently. Many studies show that people are arouse in their health and as a part of that, they want to eat healthy. This has encouraged producers to invest in brands that are supposed to communicate health, but the functional food revolution is still absent which might suggest that consumers are not interested in such food. These factors were mainly a general interest in health and that they had perceived a physiological effect of the product.More over, respondents with a diet-related problem, in person or in the family, were more likely to consume cholesterol-lowering products than those without diet-related problems. marketplaceing broadcastThe product development includes product design, industrial design, manufacturing process design, packaging design, and outsourcing decisions. The cobblers last stages are marketing strategy, market testing and technicalization which involve exploitation a s trategy, testing the product and finally coordinating market entrance activities, implementing marketing strategy and monitoring and control of the product launch.Product ResearchOur innovation remains one of the key elements to the companys achiever with young brands. Keep changing the catering tastes and lifestyles with quality products and the strong brand values force customer to buy. It will help us to new product development for the business strategy. The idea of introducing Cadbury Diet helps the diabetic patient from fat obesity and sugar problems. Sugar patients were engaged to buy this chocolate forever still it wont affect their health.The Buyer closing Process and Focus on CustomersWe mainly focus on Diabetic patients and Children. The reason for focusing for these customers is that they willing to eat chocolates. But their health chequer and future of children health were controlled by the parents. If this product wont affect their health then the parents encourage their children to buy this product. People are aware of their health problems. As this new product Cadbury Diet wont affect their health then they were adopted to buy this product. Parents will encourage their children to buy Cadbury Diet.The consumer becomes aware of the new product but without any data on it. For example, people get aware of products with health claims but do not know what the concept stands for. In the next step consumer gets interested in the product and starts to seek information rough it. Evaluation is the three step which means that the consumer consider if it makes sense to try the product or not. He or she might, for example, think about the effect the product ascertain and how valid that information is. If the decision is to try the production order to get a better opinion, the consumer has entered the step named Trial. And if the opinion improves in a affirmative way the consumer reach the stage of Adoption, where he or she decides to make it a habi t using the product.merchandising Planning StrategyGoal of change magnitude operating margins around 10% by end of 2011 with following elements heraldic bearing to reduce the complexity in business and minimize to duplicated activities. Taste and the note should not be same.To improve the performance all over the world. main focus on profitable growth and rationalizing portfolio by the period of 2012.Market CharacteristicsInnovation remains one of the key elements to the companys conquest with new brands. Keep changing the catering tastes and lifestyles with quality products and the strong brand values helps to keep the brand at a maturity stage. It will help to new product development for the business strategy. Wherever the customers buy a bar of Cadbury Diet the pack design will be exactly the same and the Slogan will change as sparkler of Milk with redolence less cream. There are nearly 40% of people suffer from Diabetic all over the world. By introducing sugar free chocolat es helps to keep the market for a long term strategies.Pricing StrategyTo reduce speak tos and increase speed and great power to compete in the market helps from other challengers. vernal comers cannot competitive with cost and efficiency. As this Cadbury Diet is a new product and focusing mainly on health, so we dont worry about the canonic price of the product.The estimated cost of this product is 0.69 per 40g.Marketing MixThere are two types of strategies on various things based on Marketing strategies can helps to launch new product. Marketing strategy is a blueprint of natural process which is used by many businesses around the world, which helps the business meet its aims and objectives, it can also assist a business when launching a new product as it helps to identify which different strategies would be best to use. Marketing strategies can be split into two main categories which are inadequate term and Long Term.Short-TermShort-term strategies help a business to focu s mainly on the four Ps, product, price, place and promotion. These strategies are vital to all businesses. These four features are the main things in a business to achieve objectives. But it should be used correctly.ProductCadbury Diet innovation remains one of the key elements to the companys success with new brands. Keep changing the catering tastes and lifestyles with quality products and the strong brand values force customer to buy. It will help us to new product development for the business strategy. Wherever the customers buy a bar of Cadbury Diet the pack design will be exactly the same and the Slogan will change as Glass of Milk with sweet less cream.PricePrice is an important element of marketing mix. The price is charged to determine whether the consumer will buy. Cadbury achieve the level of sales to make profit. Price is controlled by checking with the competitors charges.The estimated cost of this product is 0.69 per 40g.PlaceCadbury Diet deal with beverages and confe ctionery like small shops, super markets and petrol station. These are the main places where customers visit in daily basis.PromotionBy braggart(a) Advertisements, encourage customers to buy a product. People intend to participate in competition. As a part of new strategy we will prognosticate 10,000 exciting prices by text or online entry by well-favoured feedback about Cadbury Diet. As well as runner up prizes for the amusement park theme. It motivates the customers to buy more chocolates. This promotion will be advertised by the Start of 2009, when the new product introduced for the Diabetic.Consumer BehaviorDecided to make the customers marketing orientated mainly to younger customers by making the products affordable and charitable to children. Advertise in different ways to reach the product in the market. Research the type of chocolates that satisfy the customers and their tastes.Positioning StrategyCapability regard world-class qualityDeveloping world-class skills, pro cesses and way of working will motivate people and it helps to improve reward winning performance. Customers confirm by Commitments which have been carefully selected to both improve business and ensure on the wider world. Marketing StrategyHaving a clear Vision into Action plan helps to read the customers mind by surveying. This aligns the energies and efforts of teams behind the brands, markets and projects. If these are carried out successfully then it will help on revenue, margin, and market performance. Building commercial capabilities and recruiting employees from urban areas for product distribution. Ghana is the place we are mainly aiming to increase cocoa production.Delivering preferred products at competitive cost with other competitor which affordable by the customer and their satisfaction.Allocating Resource for the New Product education. i.e., Cadbury DietMarket Leadership StrategyIn the confectionery market Mars, draw near and Galaxy are the main competitors. Introd ucing new brands and promotion to customers and retailers helps to increase sales revenue. Advertisements in channels and newspaper helps to retain the brand name in the customers mind. PromotionBy giving Advertisements will encourage customers to buy the product at least for the competition? As a part of new strategy we will announce 10,000 exciting prices by text or online entry by giving feedback about Cadbury Diet. As well as runner up prizes for the carnival theme. It motivates the customers to buy more chocolates and they eager to buy chocolates. This promotion will be advertised by the end of 2009, when the new product introduced for the Diabetic.ConclusionCadbury is the largest confectionery market in the world. It holds second position in the 50 largest confectionery markets. Nearly 175 years it survived in the market. But it should keep the same image in the market. It should keep researching about their SWOT analysis and market penetration to improve their market.REFERENC ESArmstrong, G., Kotler, P., (2005) Marketing An IntroductionPhilip Kotler and Gary Armstrong Principles of Marketing 7th EditionCassar, G., Gibson, B., (2007), Forecast Rationality in gauzy Firms, ledger of Small Business ManagementCheng, T. Y., Firth, M., (2000), an Empirical Analysis of the prepossession and Rationality of Profit Forecasts, Journal of Business Finance AccountingCravens, D.W., Piercy, N. F., (2005), strategic MarketingGilbert L., (2005), Swedish Health Summit, Health Focus internationalisticHamilton, A. C., (2004), Cost Management. AACE International Transactions, precedingKalchschmidt, M., et al (2006), Forecasting Demand From composite Customers, International Journal of Operations Production ManagementLandstrm, E., et al (accepted) practice session of Functional feeds among Swedish consumers is related to health-consciousness and perceived effect, British Journal of sustenanceLandstrm E., et al (2007), Health-care professionals perceived trust in and willingness to recommend functional foods A qualitative studyLin, J., et al (2006), A Dynamic determine for Managing Overlapped Iterative Product Development, European Journal of Operational ResearchPark, J., Simpson, T. W., (2005), Development of a production cost estimation framework to support product family design. International Journal of Production ResearchProehl, R. A., (1996), enhancing the effectiveness of cross-functional teams, Leadership Organization Development JournalReichard, R. S., (1966), Practical Techniques of Sales Forecasting, McGraw-HillRudder, A., (2003), an evaluation of the NPD activities of four food manufacturers, British intellectual nourishment JournalSadler, J., (2005), Future Health Trends in Food and Drinks growth opportunitiesIn daily dosing, GI, heart health, right fats and food Business Insight LtdSharul-Yazid, Y., Nooh, A-B., (2007), New Product Development Management Issues and purpose-Making Approaches, Management DecisionTomes, A., Phillips, M., (2003), Product Development through University SMEsCollaboration Lessons from Reactive and Proactive Approaches, local EconomyWacker, J.G., Lummus, R.R., (2002), Sales forecasting for strategic resource planning, International Journal of Operations Production ManagementFrederikson, LG, Chamberlain, K and Long, N. (1996) Unacknowledged casualties of the Vietnam war experiences of partners of New Zealand veterans. Qualitative Health Research, 6(1) 49-70.Medicinenet.com( sep 29 2008) medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=93071Food Magazine may 2003 foodcomm.org.uk/parentsjury/cadbury_03.htmMiles MB and Huberman AM. An Expanded Sourcebook Qualitative Data Analysis 2nd Edition. 1994NHS Management Executive. College of Health Consumer Audit Guidelines. 1994Business2000.ie/cases/cases_6th/case20.htm Cadbury.com Cadbury.co.uk Oppapers.com Domainb.com/companies/companies_c/cadbury_india/19990815cadburyindia.html Answerbag.co.uk/q_view/425634 Azete.com/view/47789 Answers.yahoo.com/question/ office?qid=20080923042530AAuqO45 Projects.exeter.ac.uk/prdsu/helpsheets/Helpsheet09-May03-Unlocked.pdf

Free College Essays - Dignity in The Remains of the Day :: The Remains of the Day

The Theme of Dignity in The clay of the Day  The novel, The rest of the Day, contains a recurring theme of hauteur. This theme is declared and re severalised end-to-end the novel. Dignity, according to the Oxford Dictionary, is a composed and thoughtful manner/style, the reconcile of being worthy of honor or respect. In the novel, self-respect is exoterically found in the form of proper gentlemen, as well as butlers who allow nothing to distract or faze them from doing their duty. What about the nonchalant definition in the modern world. This gravitas today is rarely encountered an early(a)(prenominal) than in the higher levels of old fashioned society, politics and perhaps knockout business matters. With all our upbringing, culture and modernization, few have retained what was cognise as the dignity of eve a half century ago. No one has the time any more to nurture and develop their dignity to a reasonable potential, as they find increasingly slight and little r eason to do so, relying sort of on pure wit, instinct and paid tact. What I think is meant when one talks about dignity is the following. recede an imaginary case. You are confronted with a difficult or abnormal situation, til now you can maintain the same level of thinking and can endeavor to deal with the situation. Or, you are forced to respond to a matter, and there is the initiative of your letting it get out of hand, but you control yourself and respond alternatively while focused and maintaining a civilised manner. That is dignity. As is evident passim the novel, it is a quality inherent in all good deal. The authors intention and a below the surface view become slip away during his car journey. Mr St reddens becomes acutely aware of the dignity present in the sight he meets, for example the family who takes him in when he runs out of gas. These are scarcely the upper crust folk, yet their demeanour warms him and places them all on an even level. From there, comm unication tends to become easier. Thanks to the dignity in these people, Mr Stevens has little disoblige adapting to his situation and manages to make the most out of it. Herein, I believe, lies the authors intention with regard to dignity. He is saying we should find out further that where we observe dignity to lie we should serve closer, at the common folk we should look closer yet, find it within ourselves.Free College Essays - Dignity in The stay of the Day The Remains of the DayThe Theme of Dignity in The Remains of the Day  The novel, The Remains of the Day, contains a recurring theme of dignity. This theme is say and restated throughout the novel. Dignity, according to the Oxford Dictionary, is a composed and serious manner/style, the state of being worthy of honor or respect. In the novel, dignity is exoterically found in the form of proper gentlemen, as well as butlers who allow nothing to distract or faze them from doing their duty. What about the perfunctor y definition in the modern world. This dignity today is rarely encountered other than in the higher levels of old fashioned society, politics and perhaps serious business matters. With all our upbringing, culture and modernization, few have retained what was know as the dignity of even a half century ago. No one has the time any more to nurture and develop their dignity to a reasonable potential, as they find increasingly less and less reason to do so, relying instead on pure wit, instinct and superior tact. What I think is meant when one talks about dignity is the following. chance upon an imaginary case. You are confronted with a difficult or abnormal situation, yet you can maintain the same level of thinking and can attack to deal with the situation. Or, you are forced to respond to a matter, and there is the misadventure of your letting it get out of hand, but you control yourself and respond instead while focused and maintaining a civilised manner. That is dignity. As is e vident throughout the novel, it is a quality inherent in all people. The authors intention and a below the surface view become lite during his car journey. Mr Stevens becomes acutely aware of the dignity present in the people he meets, for example the family who takes him in when he runs out of gas. These are simply the upper crust folk, yet their demeanour warms him and places them all on an even level. From there, communication tends to become easier. Thanks to the dignity in these people, Mr Stevens has little anesthetize adapting to his situation and manages to make the most out of it. Herein, I believe, lies the authors intention with regard to dignity. He is saying we should look further that where we savvy dignity to lie we should look closer, at the common folk we should look closer yet, find it within ourselves.