Value Based Theory & Competitive Advantage

To re master(prenominal) agonistic in the twenty- firstborn ampere- s poph there be key pillars that an giving medication needfully in nightspot to be a leader in their industry and forget en commensurate it to appraise the needs for their clients planetaryly. These pillars include an military unitive commission style, mutation prudence and origin morality. These key pillars with a unafraid organisational grow result modify an organic law to remove a private-enterprise(a) prefer everywhere their competitors. In dress to be booming in the twenty-first century foodstuff, an organization mustiness(prenominal) be able to identify and fit to these pillars.How these pillars argon connected to matched favour is what this paper is about. Measuring the de stipulationine for these pillars leave al maven allow an organization to cream in polar heathenish environments and come out ardent and successful. They ordain alter a confederation to gain a comp etitive expediency in the global foodstuff. These pillars willing be represented inwardly a 100 year gray-haired corporation that has tiltd in order to adapt to the 21st century mart United packet boat Service, UPS. Introduction Competitive advantage is nigh liaison that we hear every(prenominal) superstar talking about nowadays.From our CEOS, t for each oneers, managers, community leaders, small line of merchandise concern owners, students, and people who argon thinking of embarking in the world of entrepreneurship. The first thing we need to congeal is what exactly competitive advantage is and why is it so pregnant in immediatelys world, the 21st century. Competitive advantage is the expertness of one organization to outperform otherwisewise organizations because it produces desired goods or function much efficiently and effectively than they do (Jones & George, 2010 p. 22).Knowing the definition of competitive advantage is non sufficient for managers to be able to apply a commercialize establish mea genuine purposen charge strategy. The authors intend to give the readers an oer diorama of the key pillars that atomic number 18 indispensable to develop and maintain competitive advantage globally within organizations. The key pillars that every organization must in unified be a successful focussing style, diversity focusing, business ethics and a strong organizational culture that will facilitate competitiveness in todays global environment.Gable and Ellig (1993) introduced a unseasoned approach for businesses to coordinate the different decisions and the amounts of information managers ar set about with everyday. They called the juvenile approach Market found Management. Gable and Ellig (1993) believed that in order to belowstand an organization and urinate it compete at an advantage in todays merchandise they view to let it act as a free orderliness and apply the market principals. Otherwise they will bump themselv es distant competitors to fast that do (Gable & Ellig, 1993, p. ). In order to apply the market base principals every organization needs to evaluate the eight facets of place driven management (Pohlman, 1997). Pohlman (1997) raw materialally summarizes the opening by stating what is assessd is what will ultimately drive actions. In the transportation and logistics industry the customers are one of the main get hold of up forces from the ever changing and evolving task environment in which managers are faced with day in and day out.The reason that customers are one of the main forces is because it is the customers that end up influencing the decisions, strategies, missions, purpose and determine of the corporations in the 21st century. The authors must first define what customers are because customer satisfaction is the main inclination of any organization that is in business. Customers are the individuals and pigeonholings that buy the goods and services an organization produces. (Jones & George, 2010, p. 186). Customers in the transportation and logistics industry demand delivery of their products in the straighta charge and approximately stintingal way possible without suffering any damage.We will examine UPS in each of the main pillars (management, diversity, ethics, culture and global interaction). Organizations and managers must analyze forces in the general environment on an ongoing basis. organisational planning and the decision making that goes into planning are constantly affected by all types of forces in the general environment. Political and judicial forces are the results of the changes that occur from new laws and regulations that affect the ship canal organizations structure their business simulate (Jones & George, 2011).Laws are an extension of honourable conduct and practices such(prenominal) as playactplace safety and discrimination such as Title V11 of the 1964 Civil Rights mould which prohibits employment discriminatio n based on race, religion, national origin, sex, color. As well, in 1997 the federal official government issued guidelines for accommodating individuals the right ways to religious worship in federal buildings in the The White House Guidelines on Religious Exercise and formula in the Federal Workplace (Jones & George, 2011).UPS has standardized rules and procedures that are formalized in their Code of Business Conduct which addresses legal and ethical issues and states the lodges quantify and management philosophies. Since UPS is a global organization, political forces from the general environment such as deregulation and the decline of trade barriers target ups the beau monde with increase business opportunities (Jones & George, 2011). These factors in manage manner provide challenges for UPS because they must be ever active while operating globally to be true that their ethical corporate judges are being enforced while conducting business after-school(prenominal) of t he United States.As a global corporation, UPS recognizes that it plays a role in acknowledging basic kind rights in accordance with our high standards for the treatment of our people (UPS, 2004). organisational Culture Organizational culture is defined as the shares set of beliefs, expectations, value, norms and prune routines that influence the ways in which individuals, stems and teams interact with one a nonher(prenominal) and help to achieve organizational goals. (Jones & George, 2010, p. 684). UPS give rises a corporate culture that fosters an environment of design. designing is decisive for attaining competitive advantage for companies. Innovation versus imitation motivates companies to launch new products and occasion pioneers on markets (Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2011). The leading at UPS sees that to use the imitation perplex of organizational culture base hold back their employees germinal growth potential. This arouse affect the troupe place in the market since they will always be following the market leaders for an hazard to bring the next great idea to market.In the Market-establish management this principle is under Rules that Promote Prosperity (Gable & Ellig, 1993). There are direct links surrounded by an organizational culture and the employees attitude towards changes in employees work environment. The change within an organization takes place in response to business and economic events and to the processes of managerial perception, choice, and actions (Pettigrew, 1985). Corporations must be able to adapt to change in regards to their management style.The ability for corporations to adapt to both(prenominal) their internal and impertinent forces will help them remain competitive in the 21st century (Jones & George, 2010) research conducted in companies in Malaysia, concluded that The change process in each organization is unique in each situation, due to the differences in the personality of the organization, the nature of the business, the work culture and values,and excessively the bearing and attitude of the employees (Rashid, Sambasivan, & Rahman, June 2008).The lead exams the links amongst an organizations ability to change in regard to the changing markets and demands of their industries, and how employees and manager attitudes toward rapid changes in marketplace croup affect the success or failure of change. The researchers in this article scan that companies that fail to be fluid in implementing change will beat a disadvantage compared with companies that adopt changes more quickly. What should be the concept of organizational culture and mode that UPS is to use to operate in the 21st century? In terms of the basic assumptions, values and beliefs, it is the culture of an organization which dictates the pass judgment employee behavior permits to form a compatible work environment, namely, the organizational climate (Yahyagil, 2006). Management Behavioral management is defined as the stud y of how managers should in person be father to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to achieving organizational goals (Jones & George, 2010, p. 56).Founded by management scholar Mary Parker Follett, was implicated that management theorists of her epoch were ignoring the human side of the organization (Jones & George, 2010, p. 56). She pointed out that management often overlooks the multitude of ways in which employees can contribute to the organization when managers allow them to participate and exercise initiative in their everyday work lives (Jones & George, 2010, p. 56). Follett took a horizontal view of force-out and authority verses the traditional unsloped chain of command of her contemporaries (Jones & George, 2010, p. 6). By empowering employees UPS managers can give employees the self-direction to make decisions. In this approach managers serve the organization more efficiently because they can spend their time mentoring an d guiding employees, and likewise gaining insight into proletarians knowledge that assists managers with their primary functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Diversity What does valuing diversity aim to do with a corporations ability to obtaining a competitive advantage over its competitors?In order for an organization to create customer and employee values that maximise value over time, the organization first needs to understand employee diversity management (EDM) and how diversity and management will play a role in obtaining a competitive advantage against the competition. Treven and Muley (2007) highlight the uphold of EDM on competitive advantage and the modness of employees as an outcome to EDM. In other words, by managing diverse employees effectively and efficiently an organization will gain innovation from employees and in turn the corporation will gain a competitive advantage.The findings within their research suggests that the organizations tha t manage employee diversity effectively whitethorn gain competitive advantage (Treven and Mulej, 2007, p 144) (Olivares , 2011). The positive short term and foresightful term impact that an organization can obtain by effectively managing their diverse work groups is Effective EDM can cause lower be and improved employee attitudes, recruiting efforts, change magnitude sales, market share and corporate profits, increased group problem solving as well as innovation and creativeness (Treven & Mulej ,2007, p. 50). How can EDM lower organizational cost and improve employee attitudes? Treven and Mulej (2007) state that diverse employee feel less inclined to make decisions and are not as satisfied with their careers. This is based on their psychological lading to the organization they are currently work in because they are different from their co-workers or peers. Based on this alone we can see how a minority employee can suffer a decrease in innovation if not managed properly.Given t hat most decisions are made by small groups of people works together, Holman, Knippenberg, Kleef and Dreu (2007) it is necessary for organizations to rely on cross-functional work groups in order for them to achieve and urinate innovation as well as solve problems to make the right decisions. Holman et al. (2007) was able to show that work groups with diversity fault lines are allay able to effectively use their informational diversity if they believe in the value of diversity. Having a work group with pro-diversity beliefs will in fact provide the organizations with a competitive advantage.This will resonant in the organizations short and long term plans (Olivares, 2011). They were able to find a significant main effect of diversity beliefs indicating that groups with pro-diversity beliefs performed ameliorate than did groups with pro-similarity beliefs (Holman et al. , 2007, p. 1193 ) in terms of writ of execution. This demonstrates that we must evaluate the employees values t o be for certain that we manage diversity effectively and take into account the significance the pro-diversity beliefs have on the outcome of our employees.If you have a diverse work group and ineffective EDM that does not value employees you will not be able to create innovative nor will creativity, and that creates a negative attitude among the employees. The wish of EDM would be a value destroyer, the major reasons effrontery for value destroyers in organizations were a bad attitude or very poor scheme (Pohlman, 1997, p. 9). What are some steps that can be taken in order to make sure that organizations value diversity and therefrom maximize value over time? Jones and George (2010) summarize effective diversity management into three steps.The first step is to secure top management commitment (Jones & George, 2010, p. 164). Without the buy-in of the top leaders of the organization incorporating effective diversity management would be unsuccessful. Top managers need to develop the correct ethical values and surgery- or business-oriented attitudes that allow them to make appropriate use of their human resource (Jones & George, 2010, p. 164). The second step is strive to increase the accuracy of perceptions (Jones & George, 2010, p. 164).Managers need to be capable to different views and different perspectives and encourage the same among the entire workgroup (Jones & George, 2010). It is also principal(prenominal) for the mangers to not be judgmental of the person and also be free to change their views about the person, issue or event that is taking place. The pass away step is to increase diversity awareness (Jones & George, 2010, p. 164). Most people view other people from their own perspective but the organizations should make sure they have some type of diversity awareness syllabuss (Jones & George, 2010, p. 64) in order for the employees to appreciate diversity. A clear example of one way UPS is increase diversity awareness is through with(pred icate) a schedule called Urban Internship Program. The program has been around since the 60s. The program takes managers in the upper level and some middle level managers out of their usual habitats for a month and sends them to work in communities where they might serve meals to the homeless, help rid communities of ghetto and drugs, help unsettled farm workers build temporary houses and schools, or teach teachers to manage a classroom (Filipczak, 1992).The mangers are drafted and there is no option of saying no to this program. The rationale behind it all is simple. Being aware of an issue is not the same as knowing about it, and knowing about it is not the same as doing something about it (Filipczak, 1992 p. 43) Olivares (2010). That is an example of a program that can be use in order to increase diversity awareness, therefore maximize employee value and in turn maximize customer values over time. Business EthicsEthical practices in organizations unquestionably add value and e nable corporations to build a competitive advantage. The theory behind Market-Based Management is that the principles of a free and democratic decree where people live work and expatiate without unnecessary government restriction apply not only to society but to businesses as well (Gable & Ellig, 1993). In successful companies like UPS, strong corporate values and ethics are the underpinning of an effective business model.Scott Davis, chairman and CEO of UPS states, UPSs strong reputation for ethical behavior has enabled us to attract and retain the best people and loyal customers it has opened doors for us in new and emerging global markets, and allowed us to transform our business to come over changing customer needs. As we continue to taste ways to open doors in new and emerging global markets, our commitment to ace will allow us to do so (UPS, 2004). UPS utilises market based practices in its business model by empowering employees through extensive cooking and its polici es and procedures.UPS develops employees careers and promotes from within by emphasizing that employees must continually seek out positions with greater responsibility (UPS, 2004). In addition, UPS creates vested interest in the company by employees since if offers stock ownership. As a business strategy and value adder over time, UPS believes that if it provides excellent employment opportunities and an excellent work environment for its employees, they will in turn provide excellent quality customer service and value to end users.UPS is viewed as an industry leader in ethical business practices, business ethics and corporate loving responsibility. beardown(prenominal) corporate ethics have profoundly affected UPSs ability to compete and excel in the transportation and logistics industry. Value Management theory states that what is valued drives action (Pohlman, 1997). UPS values its employees, which it treats like its customers. This is demonstrated through its ethical corporate structure. One of the business strategies employed by UPS is that they recruit talents with diversity in mind.According to Armstrong, et al. (2010) diversity and equality management systems seek out employees to fill talent deficits with employees that are more similar to customers and who can better communicate and relate to the needs of the customer base. This type of strategic human resource management is associated with higher business performance and added value over time. UPS does not hire simply to fill quotas but because it is the right thing to do, not only from both an ethical and moral imperative, but also a business driver.Market-based management practices dictate that moral decisions are not at odds with advantageousness rather doing what is right enhances profitability over the long term (Gable & Ellig, 1993). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs have become widely used as strategies for organizations to demonstrate their business ethics. These programs ca n be expensive and it is questionable as to their overall impact on creating competitive advantage for the company. There are three drivers for CSR in most corporations contour to prevailing laws to avoid legal problems, ethical convictions and a reduction in waste and increase in profitability.Even though CSR programs can be costly if stakeholders, like the public, feel that they are not being served by the way the organization conducts business sales generally suffer. UPS uses CSR programs such as the antecedently mentioned Community Internship Program (CIP) where managers spend four weeks with a non-profit agency in rural or urban areas in an effort to improve conditions in those areas, and to gain insight into walking a mile in another mans moccasins. Market-based management shows that pro-social behavior expediencys society as a whole as well as the bottom line of an organization.Trustworthiness is a source for competitive advantage in organizations and its link to wealth i ntroduction over time. If the organizations leaders generate an environment of charge the following occurs higher employee commitment, better interpersonal relationships between employees and management, a stronger social contract or connection between the employee and the organization and a more positive view of human resource policies and procedures (Caldwell & Hansen, 2010).Consequently, the employee bring energy, passion and kindling to his/her role that affect what the person is willing to contribute to the organization and this becomes an terrible source for competitive advantage and value over time (Caldwell & Hansen, 2010). Market-based management states that a culture of genuine humility and aboveboardy must be established in order to achieve organizational learning and profitability (Gable & Ellig, 1993).UPSs mission statement includes principles that promote honesty and honestness through strong corporate leadership that are driven by honest relationships and ethical decision making. The mission of business in a market based society is profit. The business outcome in a bourgeois society is that both the business and the stakeholder benefit from the system. Because there is a power differential between the organization and the stakeholder there is always a run into for an abuse of power. This is where the importance of ethics comes in.Since the stakeholders (employees, customers, stockholders, the community, etc. ) are directly squeeze either beneficially or negatively by the actions of the company, it is pivotal that business ethics are in place and operational to reduce stultification and maximize business objectives. Robin (2008) states that business should treat each stakeholder group as if they were partners in the success of the unswerving. In other words, what benefits the stakeholder creates value and benefits the business.This ties into Market-based management because when businesses practice adherence to commonly acknowledged bus iness ethics (it) makes us all wealthier by reducing the amount of resources we have to hallow to contract negotiation and enforcement (Gable & Ellig, 1993, p. 21). UPS follows a strict adherence to formalized codes of behavior and procedures to ensure business goal are being met while fair and ethical standard are being practiced. Boesso and Michelon (2010) studied the link between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and financial performance of corporations.The research indicates that CSR must be strategic in order to result in the greatest gain for business and generate value over time. Companies which focus on a few core issues rather than hundreds of more generic issues find better success in competitive advantage and better benefit to society as a whole. Furthermore, the research indicates that increased competitive performance and outcome can also be measured by items other than financial performance. Productivity, innovativeness and human capital are also indicators of co mpetitive advantage and value over time.As well, the researchers point out that part of the economic value of CSR and stakeholder management is that it brings companies and society together because of the value generated for all parties. The underpinning of market-based management is that it recognizes that the market system is designed to enable groups of people to achieve brilliant results when working together that are exponentially greater than could be achieved if they were working separately. Organizations like UPS have a big picture view of CSR as a value-adder and utilize best practices that benefit the organization and ultimately society as a whole.Ethical management alone does not guarantee success for a company. Ethical corporate values and practices are but one subdivision of an entire set of practices that lead to competitive advantage and success. Empowering employees through market-based management techniques and a strong commitment to employee tuition is a fundame ntal value driver. Ethics as a whole in business is crucial for long term value creation and sustainability for the organization. Globalization In the competitive environment of global markets, value driven management and adherence to special(prenominal) requirements must be considered before entering these markets.A business management strategy, such as Value Driven Management, signifies the comprehensive success of a company over time (Pohlman, 1997). In determining long-term results, organizations must also understand the factors and driving components that are crucial to creating these opportunities in global markets (Sherwin, 2010). through and through understanding political, economic, demographic, legal, and socio-cultural factors, companies can enter these markets and compete successfully against other companies (Jones & George, 2011).It is important for the companies to know the impact of these external factors is processed and greatly affects a firms outputs that are the products and/or services produced and the markets targeted and penetrated that impact the overall performance of the firm (Sherwin, 2010, p. 66). It has been presented that for companies to create the greatest opportunity of output of good and services requirements, such as, Customer Relationship Marketing, CRM and New Product Development, NPD will be needed.When organizations move from one environment to another, decisive measures must be implemented in order for the consumer within that culture to accept the goods and services offered by the company (Ivanova & Castellano, 2011). By mean of CRM or Customer Relationship Marketing, is one of the strategies used towards incorporating Value Driven Management. This is a philosophy that is based upon leadership perspectives regarding differentiating customers and prospects by current and future value and meeting individualized and customer needs (Sherwin, 2010, p. 9). An example of Customer Relationship Marketing is when UPS expanded int o Canada, its first global market in 1975. At first, when entering this market, UPS was not given the license needed in order to drive it trucks on their highways. To meet the needs of the government and quiet down perform deliveries for it customers, UPS decorated taxis with their company logotype to transport and deliver packages in order to accommodate government regulations (United mailboat Service, 2007).To satisfy these needs or regulations of the government, it became the responsibility of top-level management or company values to create strategies and procedures in order to allocate their resources effectively (Sherwin, 2010). UPS still continues to do business in Canada today because it had gained the trust of government officials and subsisting customers by determining their need through their current and future value by using Customer Relationship Marketing strategies. This would not have been realized if top-level management did not comply with overall country values .It is crucial for companies to determine the owners value, or the overall companys value and the importance of emphasizing the benefits that maximizing value over time has on an organization. It is not to imply that other values are not equally important, but we must understand when we are working in an organization our job there is to maximize the value for the owners. When all is working well, the values of employees, customers, suppliers, third parties, and owners will be in harmony (Pohlman, 1997, p. 21). on a lower floor these conditions, eginning with top-level management, they must strategize or develop a stake plan to utilize every resource, asset, or opportunity within the company to gain a competitive advantage over competitors within the bounds of the global market they are penetrating. For these reasons it is imperative and recommended for companies to use Customer Relationship Marketing with the values of the company to obtain a competitive advantage over time. In or der for companies to succeed in the global market, innovating new products and services are necessary to obtain sustainable competitive advantage (de Brentani, et al. 2010). Product innovation and the trend to globalization are two important dimensions driving business today, and a firms global new product development (NPD) strategy is a primary determinant of performance (de Brentani, et al. , 2010, p. 143). One quality example of this, is in 2004, when UPS designed and introduced Quantum ViewSM Manage, this would allow for consumer who sent the package to effortlessly monitor the transportation of small parcels within the bound of their supply bonds and improve services by using technological applications created by UPS (United Parcel Service, 2007).In creating this application, this allows UPS to further globalize itself by introducing innovative services such as the Quantum ViewSM Manage. In the case of UPS, initiating a new product development strategy is a crucial element to wards product innovation if companies are to discriminate any barrier to entry (de Brentani, et al. , 2010). To successfully implement a new product development strategy, ideas will originate from organizational culture and elderly management (de Brentani, et al. , 2010).It is the environment within the company that shapes the design and direction of innovative ideas and services that will be used and incorporated into global markets. Thus, both the strategy factors as well as certain intangibles characterizing the firms behavioral environment (BE) have been found to affect global NPD program outcome (de Brentani, et al. , 2010, p. 144). Without the role of management and culture within the organization, companies will not be able to produce more economically or create value for its customers in the global market in which they are want to penetrate (de Brentani, et al. 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, organizations that incorporate strong and functional organizational culture, an effective management style, diversity, and ethics will sustain a competitive advantage in the 21st century only if they value the needs of their employees, customers, owners, countries, and organizations globally. Organizational culture will identify how a company will operate in the market, how they will behave in day to day operations, and how they will be able to adapt to change.Management styles empowering employees will allow them to take more initiative within their work responsibilities which will lead to increased job satisfaction. The authors recommend fro UPS to continue to have an organizational culture that provides an environment which supports the established goals of the organization. For organizations to stay competitive in the 21st century is get more and more essential for them to stay on top of their game Second recommendation is to incorporate an effective management style that encourages employees to have more autonomy.This will allow them to take initiatives in decisions that need to be made within the organization. . Effectively managing employee diversity and making sure that the customer, employee, owners, organization, and external values are all in tune with each other is the mix that is needed in the 21st century in order for an organization to be competitive in todays global environment.Third recommendation is to continue to manage diversity effectively and that will enable the group to come up with creative and innovative ideas that will put the organization first in their industry Once the key pillars are defined we need a strong business ethics to chorus from questionable practices and set standards that meet or exceed moral and legal measures. Fourth recommendation, it is important for organizational members to be responsible for maintaining a superior level of ethical behavior.Last but not least is to make sure we are valuing and adapting to the customers needs globally in order to maintain a competitive advantage in the gl obal marketplace even it core to change the organizations strategy overseas. If UPS fails to follow these key pillars that are necessary in the 21st century it can impact their global operations in both the short and long term. Our recommendation to UPS is for them to continue what they are doing and also continue to evaluate the needs of their customers, employees, owners, rganization, and countries in which they operate to remain successful in todays globally expanding market on a quarterly base.

External Failure and Internal Failure Cost

Definition and Explanation of lineament termss The concept of live Of Quality (COQ) has been around for many years. Dr. Joseph M. Juran in 1951 in his Quality rig Hand countersign included a section on COQ. The Quality Cost Committee chthonic the Quality Management Division was established by the American Society for Quality (ASQ) in 1961. However it was Philip B. Crosby who popularized the use of COQ because of his book Quality is Fre in 1979. Several current tonicity system standards, ISO 9000, QS-9000, AS-9000, citation the use of COQ for prime(prenominal) improvement. The concept of Cost of Quality is confusing.It does not resuscitate to be such as using a higher crisscross leather to make a wallet or using 14K princely instead of gold plating in jewelry. Instead the term character cost refers to all of the costs that be incurred to prevent defects or that response from defects in increases. What is being referenced ar the costs due to the wishing of flavour o r costs to ensure quality is produced. We understand them as the costs that are associated with preventing, detecting, and correcting defective clear. Some authors refer to these costs as Cost of Poor Quality. Sometimes scurvy quality costs refer only to the harm costs.Crosby refers to the COQ costs as Price of compliance (the prevention and approximation costs) and the Price of non- setance (the mishap costs). These are divided into conformance and non-conformance costs, as well called control costs and trial of control costs. Figure 1 Quality costs can be broken down into quaternity broad groups. These four groups are excessively termed as four (4) types of quality costs. Two of these groups are known as prevention costs and appraisal costs. These are incurred in an effort to keep defective products from falling into the hands of guests.The other two groups of costs are known as sexual affliction and foreign calamity. Internal and external blow costs are incurr ed because defects are produced despite efforts to prevent them therefore these costs are also known as costs of poor quality. However, we will be way on the knowledgeable costs failure and the external costs failure for this assignment. The non-conformance costs come into play when the software does not conform to the quality requirements. These costs are divided into internal failure costs and external failure costs. Types of quality costs are explained below Internal be loserFailure costs are incurred when a product fails to conform to its design specifications. Failure costs can be either internal or external. Internal failure costs result from identification of defects onwards they are shipped to customers. These costs include scrap, rejected products, reworking of defective units, and downtime caused by quality problem. The more effective a companys appraisal activities the greater the chance of maculation defects internally and the greater the level of internal failure costs. This is the price that is gainful to avoid incurring external failure costs, which can be devastating.On the non-conformance side, we put on fault removal costs that can be attributed to the internal failure costs as well as the external failure costs. This is because if we embed a fault and want to remove it, it would always result in costs no matter whether costs in an internal or external failure. Actually, there does not have to be a failure at all. Considering code inspections, faults are found and removed that have never caused a failure during testing. It is also a good example that the removal costs can be quite variant due to the different techniques.When a test identifies a failure, there needs to be substantial effort spent to find the corresponding fault. During an inspection, faults are found directly. brand removal costs also contain the costs for necessary re-testing and re-inspections. out-of-door Cost Failure When a defective product is delivered to customer, external failure cost is the result. out-of-door failure costs include warranty, repairs and replacements, product recalls, financial obligation arising from legal actions against a company, and lost sales arising from a reputation for poor quality. Such costs can decimate profits.In the past, some managers have taken the attitude, Lets go ahead and ship everything to customers, and well take care of any problems under the warranty. This attitude generally results in high external failure costs, customer ill will, and declining grocery share and profits. External failure costs normally give rise to another intangible cost. These intangible costs are hidden costs that involve the companys image. They can be three or four times greater than tangible costs. Missing a deadline or other quality problems can be intangible costs of quality.Internal failure costs, costs and intangible costs that impair the goodwill of the company pass by due to a poor quality so these costs are also known as costs of poor quality by some persons. External failure also cause support costs. These are all costs connected to customer care, especially the effort from aid workers identifying the problem. terminally, compensation costs could be part of external failure costs, if the failure caused some kind of damage at the customer site. We might also include button of sales because of bad reputation in the external failure costs but do not look at it in this paper because it is out of scope.cost of quality assurance (Compiled from Gavett 1968, Adam and Evertt-1998) bar Costs Appraisal Costs Internal Failure Costs External Failure Costs Quality planning QC administration and systems planning Quality related training Inspection of incoming in summons and last(a) product Processes planning Design review Quality data analytic thinking Procurement planning Market research Vendor surveys Reliability studies musical arrangement development Quality measurement and control equipment Product faculty Qualification of material Incoming Inspection visitationing Inspection in process Quality audits Incoming test and laboratory tests Checking labor Laboratory or other measurement service Setup for test and inspection Test and inspection material Outside endorsements for certification Maintenance and calibration work Product reengineering review and shipping release Field testing Final testing Rejections Scrap at full shop cost Failure analysis Scrap and rework, fault of vendor Material procurement mill contact engineering Machine down QC investigations of failures Material review operation Repair and troubleshooting Excess inventory Recall Complaints handling Goodwill loss Warranty costs Bad publicity Field maintenance and product service Returned material processing and repair Fall in market share Replacement inventories Low employees morale Strained distributor tattle References 1. Jones, Capers, Patterns of Software Systems Failure and Success, I nternational Thompsom Computer Press, Boston, Mass. , 1996. 2. Crosby, P. , Quality Improvement by means of Defect Prevention, Philip Crosby Assosiates, 1985. 3. Beecroft, G. Dennis, What is Your Quality Costing You? IIQP Newsletter, Winter 2000. 4. Campanella, Jack (Ed. ). Principles of Quality Costs (Third Edition). ASQ Quality Press Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 1999. 219pp. 5. Harrington, H. J. , Poor Quality Costs, Mercel Dekker, Inc. , 1987. 6. Morse, Roth, and Poston, Measuring, Planning, and Controlling Quality Costs, discipline Association of Accountant, 1987.

Own Philosophy on Education

My ism on Education I admit that writing my own philosophy on information had me thinking tort quite some time. there has been a number of questions that emerged In my mind while pondering on coming up with my own philosophy. I asked myself why I necessity to teach, who I am going to teach and how I provide pass away a future educator to these students. Hence, I first defined what an education theory meaner to me and Imagined a teacher I had that I look up to. Consequently, I hope can express my philosophy with the thoughts I crap gathered.Personally, I consider the teaching occupation as an honorable profession. It is by dint of this profession that millions of learned men lead become great professionals excelling on their own fields of expertise. With this, I can say that the teaching profession is a vital part of our system as it acts as the vehicle where one imparts knowledge to others. Furthermore, I see eruditeness as acquiring knowledge or experience, This said ac quisition is not only curb at bottom the four corners of the room but is also experienced dependable outside the school the surround.Students deal that these are beings with Innate knowledge. They are not empty vessels, but are bodies that provoke this natural knowledge. Realizing that they have this what I call natural knowledge, it is l, the future educator, to come up with strategies and techniques that allow trigger in awakening this knowledge and provide castles to have this highly-developed Into something bigger, better, more productive and essential for the learner. When I was still a student, particularly In the university, was more motivated to teachers that were truly friendly and accessible In and outside class.Moreover, was motivated with a classroom environment where I could feel a friendly intention among my classmates and cooperation and participation were both super practiced and valued. Thus, can say that I am motivated with having a friendly teacher that creates a competitive environment focused on cooperative learning in class. With regards to learning, I do not ask students to have a full understanding of a certain lesson within a forty-minute or an hour class. I expect that they understand, but the assiduity of such information should be reinforced by giving concise tests and quizzes on the following days to come.Running a class is a unvoiced task. When I run my own class, I will make it incontestable that there is a friendly environment between me and my students. However, I will not let respect and the importance of discipline be compromised with the environment I will be creating. Inside the class, will let students be exposed in learning environments where they can easily grasp the ideas by providing them meaningful and real elite accusable. As an educator, I believe that I have the responsibility In shaping the minds of the young, developing their cognitive and neurotic skills, and making them Into expansible individu als of this country.My goal for my students Is to have them develop the love for learning. I strongly believe that when students love learning, they will learn to respect any lesson regardless to its TTY. For me to attain this goal, I will have them do activities that are connected and useful in their daily lives. I pauperism to create a classroom environment where students have the equal kick downstairs to learn, be heard, and participate in any classroom undertaking. In a nutshell, as a future teacher, I am somebody who will see every potential Roth in students that they can be the best.I believe that every student has the responsibility over themselves that they can do their very best in surviving in the world. I see students as free beings however, they have to be responsible enough to stand on their decisions because in anything that they do, it is their choice that they have made and they should know the pros and cons of it. I firmly believe that every individual can learn and ones knowledge is developed through the educator and the environment around him or her.

Criminal Justice Trends Paper Essay

In this paper I pull up stakes be evaluating past, present, and afterlife trends pertaining to the corrections system. in that location are m whatsoever different trends that punitory facilities hurl used in the past and these trends have continued on to modern day and perhaps exit continue on into the future. As part of my evaluation I will identify and analyze past, current and future issues facing the corrections system today and also I will discuss the budgetary and managerial impact that future trends will likely have non only on the corrections system, solely also on the otherwise components of the vile arbitrator system like law enforcement and the court system. Trends of correctionsIn the past before there were prisons and put behind barss the punishment of crimes were cruel and dangerous. roughly of the punishments in the past included flogging, mutilation, branding, public humiliation, or exile. Today our punitory facilities focus on rehabilitating criminals so that they can be functional in society one of the ways that is pursued is through community establish corrections to save follows instead of housing an sting. Community establish corrections is used as an alternative to being locked up, this is also cost effective rather than housing them in prison or jail because they foot the notification. Community based corrections is known as parole, probation, home arrest, or electronic monitoring.Community based corrections is a perk and there are galore(postnominal) rules that need to be followed, and if they disobey any of the rules the get sent back to prison or jail. Currently we have a bill that passed in calcium c in alled AB 109 and it was passed to release many inmates to lower the overpopulation of inmates and the end rising costs to manse an inmate. The state expects to stifle the prison inmate population by about 14,000 in 2011-2012 and near 40,000 upon full implementation in 2014-2015.The state estimates that these r eductions will result in a state savings of about $453 million in 2011-2012 and up to $1.5 billion upon full implementation. (Taylor, 2011). This assembly bill will just clear a future puzzle though, when all these inmates get released out into the communities most of them will end up back in prison. According to the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation the recidivism rate of inmates that were returned back into a punitory facility within tercet years was 63.7% and the other 36.3% were successful three years out of prison. AB 109 will not decrease the inmate population that largely in the long run according to those statistics. The bill will also increase the caseloads on probation officers, making it harder to keep a good eye on all inmates roaming in the communities, allowing them to reoffend put the problem back in the hands of law enforcement. Issues Facing the Criminal arbiter SystemThe current issues facing prisons are they are being over crowded, and t hey are too expensive to manage. Assembly Bill AB 109 tries to exempt the problems of over crowding but I believe that it is a short theme because of the recidivism rate. Alternate correction systems would reduce costs to the state, and maybe plane be to a greater extent affective than jail or prison time. on that point are alternatives to jail and prison like we discussed earlier, but those are all state funded. In the future maybe there will be programs funded by organizations that want to help rehabilitate criminals or they make the criminal pay for their services. Some examples might be intensive supervised probation, house arrest, electronic monitoring, community residential centers, or shock incarceration.I bring forward we need to have a self-sufficient prison that keeps inmates busy working(a) for what they have, to cut stack costs of prisons. One way to cut follow out costs is to actually use our expiry penalty, what is the severity of having a death penalty if yo u know you are going to sit in a cell until you die of natural causes. We are not posing enough threat to these criminals. Watching Lock Up on MSNBC, most of the inmates will never be functioning citizens, some of them admit they need to be behind a cell. Why pay so much money for someone to rot in jail, they are no use to the orbit and call in they need to be put down, just like a viscous dog at the pound. If the vet determines the animal is too bellicose they euthanize the animal because they can never be adopted out, I think we can use the same concept in our correctional system.With an overpopulated correctional system, and the realignment bill 109 there will be many criminals back on the streets, which only adds to the problem for every other component of the criminal justice system. The police are having a bigger population of criminals back on the streets and the departments have tight budgets and do not have enough notes to hire to a greater extent than help to contro l the streets. The sheriff and police departments then will have to stretch themselves thin to try to put the recommitting offenders back in the correction system. Which then puts the criminal back into the already overcrowded court system, which creates more of a problem because now there are even more cases which will create bigger case loads and slow down the already slow system. ConclusionIn this paper I discussed the past, current, and future trends in corrections. In the past the punishments were cruel, and now we are focused more on rehabilitation and California facilities are being over crowded. I also analyzed current and future issues facing the overpopulated prisons. The budget shortfall is only going to get worse and these problems within the criminal justice system is only going to get bigger and bigger. Bill AB 109 was put into affect to help relieve the budget issue but as I discussed I think that it is a short-term solution because of the recidivism rates. The crimin al justice system is always growing and changing to receive the needs of the communities they protect.

Objectifying Women

Objectifying Women Women in the Media Although we whitethorn not realize it, just now media is a very powerful mention of influence. Influence that set up rival people in many political relation agencys that may be ordained and beneficial for corporations, b arly not so much for the general public. Media uses a variety of means such(prenominal) as advertisements, motion pictures and music videos to convince its consumers and effectiveness consumers in buying their products, or following their lifestyles. Majority of these means ar dominated with portraying incompatible views of women.Whether it is a detergent ad, a sports themed movie or a popular pop song, each and every source of media is focused on objectifying women. While watching your favorite television enter, you may not suffer attention to the advertisement in between, nor do you pay attention to the fact that nigh of them have women in it, nor the way that they be portrayed as. Since it is seen as a common t hing, our minds are accustomed to this idea. well-nigh women in todays media are viewed assex objects, and most advertisements use this as a way to sell a product.Magazines, television, and the profits display this quite well by constantly portraying draw thin models with impossibly long legs, perfect complexions, enhanced breasts, and incredibly deep-chested locks (DeYoung & Crane). These women are then illustrated in sexually challenging poses for the purpose of sell something as ordinary as shoes. This may seem to be a harmless way of promoting a product hardly thesesexually provocative advertisementshave had a grave effect on our society. Media completely changes the way we see women and how we describe saucer.It has started to sell beauty it creates an unattainable ideal woman, compel other women to attempt to transform themselves into model look-alikes. A beautiful women does not have to be tall, skinny or should have long hair, but these images have created a category which define beauty, hence we have started to turn over that as being the real definition. After all, its been scientifically proven that ext expiryed exposure to media changes our brains and the way we think, with average media exposure for hildren shown to be slightly 10 hours per day there is a lot of brain ever-changing going on (DeYoung & Crane). So we can only imagine the dissemble of all this on little girls, teens as well as aged(a) women. Many of which lack self-esteem and empowerment. They are struggling everyday to get hold ways to look and feel more confident and beautiful. To tackle this, dove launched a marketing course in 2004, called the Dove Campaign for received Beauty. It included all sorts of media sources such as advertisements, video, workshops, sleepover events and much more.The campaign featured women of diverse shapes and sizes. The central objective behind it was to celebrate differences in physical traits that represented all kinds of women to in spire them so they can be confident and comfortable with themselves (Arruda, 2011). Firstly, the idea that Dove has is impeccable, the implementation and its source are not. Unilever owns Dove, which also owns Axe (male grooming products) amongst many other brands. Axe is a well-known brand, especially for its sexual commercials in which they objectify women and perpetuate phantasmagorical images of beauty.They habitually feature young, longhaired, thin, and large breasted models that are usually throwing themselves at the male-models. If Dove truly believed in liberating women to broaden the conventional definition of beauty, it would end its affiliation with such companies. Even though, that might be difficult as Unilever is a parent company, the least Dove can do is to maneuver criticism it faces. The central point of this campaign is to liberate women and celebrate different types of beauty.On the contrary, this campaign has been criticized to only show women that naturally ha ve a slight frame and all images that they show are manipulated. Not just faintly edited to remove pimples, but bodies are adapted to fit the beauty norm. A heavy woman may be included but she has got to be the right kind of heavy, her image will be altered to remove freckles, lumps and bumps (Dye). In other words, Campaign for Real Beauty presents worthless bodies, which people can never attain.Additionally, it has been said that to appear socially amenable and to gain more market share resulting in an increment in profits was the core reason of this campaign. Due to this, Dove brand itself is deceptive, as it is not fully committed to its core proposition of the campaign. We need to actualise the power that media has on our societies. Objectification and degrading women has led to many consequences that include fatalities such as anorexia and bulimia. Many young girl and teens are self conscious about their appearance and weight.Some have gone as far as going on a diet from as little as 13 eld of age (The causes and the experience of take in disorders). To terminate this atrocity, the organisation needs to step in. We know that there are many campaigns against cigarettes and alcohol, if the presidential term is able to spend money on such issues, we are certain(p) they can take part in this. The government must support where/how diet pills and such products are sold. A teenager of 15 years must not be able to walk into Wal-Mart and pick up slimfast, on her way back home from school.An awareness campaign to outrage this must begin immediately it could include seminars to help with self-esteem, spread educational handouts. Media can become an instrument of change and help awaken minds. Videos can be put on the Internet about empowering women, advertisements can show real life stories to inspire young women rather than dishearten. To conclude, we need to learn the great damage that media is causing on our society as a whole. It portrays women not a s an equal but as an object to cost increase profits. This strings an irrational criterion about beauty in our minds, which corrupts the real definition.Women make up half the population on this planet, and if they lack self-esteem and reliance we are not on a suitable path to success. The government must take action as it distresses not just our coevals but our future as well. Bibliography Arruda, C. (2011, March 05). Doves Revolution- Rhetorical Analysis 2. Retrieved may 31, 2012, from Rhetoric and Popular Culture http//rhetoricandpopculture. com/2011/03/05/doves-evolution-rhetorical-analysis-2/ Dye, L. A Critique of Doves Campaign for Real Beauty. Canadian Journal of Media Studies , 5 (1). DeYoung, S. & Crane, F. G. (n. d. ). Females attitudes toward the portrayal of women in advertising a Canadian study. Retrieved June 1, 2012, from Warc http//www. warc. com/fulltext/ijoa/5225. htm Portrayal of Women in the Popular Media. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 1, 2012, from universe of discourse Savvy http//worldsavvy. org/monitor/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=602Itemid=1049 The causes and the experience of eating disorders. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 1, 2012, from Feminist Resources for Women and Girls http//womensstudies. homestead. com/edwords. html

Partisan polarization in the congress Essay

The statement apothegm that the Policy do in coitus has been increasingly plagued by aid Polarization is very(prenominal) true. To support this feature we after part have a look at the evidences available to us in the orchestrate of the chaos and uneven divergence of the boards. Actu ally, each year the sexual intercourse is anticipate to pass nearly 13 menus, which funds the operation of the federal g all overnment. It should be written, debated and then be passed in both the houses and mystify the consent signature of the president. If this does not happens than the government is expected to have shut d hold. in that locationfrom, a regular movement of these bills year after(prenominal) year turn outs the proper procedures confirmation working in the Congress. Its movement helps in studying the members behavior overtime and how changes in preferences affect the stickislative consistency in the law making impact.Partisan Polarization in the CongressBy Partisan w e mean a oneness-sided or bias decision making of some people like the politicos in the concern of their own party without taking into view of the national interest. Polarization is a move that these governmental parties throw off from centrist to extreme policy-making po mystifyions. The former behind follower polarization is not just to keep an bother before the legislature exactly to gain the credit of a distinct department of decree so that they cast vote in their privilege during the upcoming elections. For instance, A Muslim support lobby in the Congress always supports the decision-makings in the favor of most Muslim countries. Like a lobby of Muslims in the Congress always cast their vote in favor of giving Pakistan, huge chunk of monetary aid.In the young days, one more(prenominal) Partisan Polarization has been go outn in the Presidents comment. Through out the ruling period the President of unite States, George Bush, has been supporting India on nuc lear prints, but during the end of his reign he came infra the pressure of Partisan polarization and announced Indian middle curriculum as the root cause of Inflation in the whole world. His point of view was that Indian middle class is incurting wealthier day by day, and their routine is much more than the whole population of unify States. But the fact is that Indians faces more problems regarding malnutrition, millions of people do not even get all three times meal. While the corn used in unify States to make petrol can feed a whole family for one year. The percentage of wastage of food and other items is much more as comp atomic number 18d to Indians.Thus here temper flares and zealot spirit provokes new hostility among the Indians and the Americans, superlative up people who have patience and restraints. Thus these kinds of statement increases partisan polarization in united States.Causes of Partisan Polarization in the United StatesA number of causes of partisan pola rization have been observed in the United States. Among them the most common are as follows.A. Ethnic or religious pinch out. That is a not so note worthy secrete is highlighted once again and again to get the benefit in the upcoming elections. For instance, the shit of Bill Clinton came before the humans during his upcoming election campaign. It shows clearly that the issue of ethics was highlighted with the view to destroy the image of Bill Clinton, aiming him to loose elections. too if a religious attack occur amid two sects than the governmental leaders does not act as negotiators but as the leg pullers which in turn results in more vehemence, suspicion and spread hatred.B. Counter-violence that may occur in reaction to the ethnic violence or religious violence. In case a sect of society has suffered repayable to religious violence and the ruling party is still kinda than the result in increased anger among the people and the counter violence emerges resulting in ch aos in the area.C. Political leaders aiming to win nigh election make such comments which flair a feeling of sorrowfulness or may even result in anger between the two parties, countries or two sections of society. The main motive is still to get more votes and not the benefit of any section of society.D. Changes in electoral system, made by the ruling party, withal become the cause of partisan polarization. Actually by doing this, an attempt is made to benefit a section of society supporters than the median voter.United States is a estate wherein people from roughly the world come in search of food, job and wealth. Either its Asian or African, Either European or Latin American both inelegant resident wants to come to United States to test his/her fate. Due to this priming coat the population of the migrants has been increasing in the United States. The result is that these migrants try to make their own lobby in the Congress. Every sect of society tries to persist in its ow n interest leaving behind the national issues and profit of the nation. And the political leader becomes the puppet in their hands and tries to discover their macro level goals.Therefore to preserve the interest various group of people a lobby of every country, caste or religion has made its own place in the Congress of the United States. So, whenever a policy making body starts working, each lobby tries to solution the decision making process. The heading is to mend it as much as it benefits their specific interest. The fact is that due to antithetic parties and their different ideologies, every party wants to impose its own leave behind and shape the upcoming legislative decision as per their own comfort.Ideologies of the political parties leading to partisan polarizationThe Ideologies of the major two political parties has also become the root cause of partisan polarization in the United States. The Republicans are always in favor of controlling the international governing through and through their imperialist thinking. While the other big political party, the Democrats wants to see the whole world changing in to a democratic state. And to achieve their goals both the political parties takes such decision which were not necessarily compulsory but in turn results in a heavy handout of men and money to the country.During the reign of Bill Clinton (Democrat President), a lot of financial aid was given to Asian countries to bring Democracy in their countries. Pakistan array cue, Nepal Maoist movement etc all were discouraged by the president of United States and money was spent in the form of financial aid to force these countries to bring back democracy.On the other side, George Bush (Republican President), made country fought the battle in Afghanistan, Iraq and now playing mind games with Iran. The result was again loss of money and this time loss of men too. Due to this over expenditure on the treasury of United States, the country is facing many some other(prenominal) financial problems. The stock market has depreciated, Inflation rise up, slow down in the climb on of the country has been confirmed. And now the over expenditure has resulted in lesser money available to take the country of this problem. The increasing prices of insouciant commodities are also adding fuel against the present government. The other problems faced by the country is rising unemployment and depleting standard of living of the common people. All this and more may be expected just because the ideologies of these political parties and politicians do not think for Americans.Effects of Partisan PolarizationThe result of partisan polarization is that major decisions for the necessary bring forward of the country has to face unnecessary delays. The legislative assembly has to face major set backs while framing different policies. The policy makers also faces difficulties in bringing out the legislation as the lobbies in the house effects adversely th e movement of the bill, and delay in temporary of the specific may prove futile. The 13 appropriations or the consumption bills that needs to be passed swiftly, faces difficulty to pass in both the houses, oddly the Senate.Not only that there are rumors in the general public regarding bribery taking of the elected members of the legislative for delaying or hindering the progress of certain bills. The politicians are mainly considered responsible by the public for making unnecessary delays in the policy-making framework and slowing down process of passing bills. Some people even think that these delay-making politicians has taken bribes from the enemies of the country so as to slow down the progress of the nation. Thus the loosing faith of the public is another result of Partisan polarization.Wastage of time and money is another result of Partisan Polarization. The limited time of session of Congress gets adenoidal due to unnecessary delays. And finally the president gets the pow er to sign the bill without proper discussion in both the houses. Not only that, a lot of money also gets wasted due to unnecessary delays in the decision making process.Solutions to end Partisan polarizationTo end the Partisan Polarization, the Brookings Institution along with the Hoover Institution allow for host a discussion on partisan polarization in the United States and its effect on foreign policy on 30th November 2008. This way this constitution will try to figure out the root causes and the possible solutions to this problem. The politicians mistakes will be highlighted and kept before the Congress and solutions will be discussed.The solution to this problem is through arising of the feeling among the countrymen regarding countrys first and people later type of feeling in the politicians. Politicians must understand that the interest of the nation is much, much more important that there personal interest. And if by any way their interest has to face some drawbacks than in that case making lobbies and bringing obstacles in the way of passing a specific bill may prove to be anti-national step. So if you have to give up something for your beloved country than kindly befoolt hesitate and take time in doing so as you owe a lot the country.Congress has also resorted to new measures to reassure the passage of bills to be easier and faster. Firstly it has packaged the bill in the form of Omnibus, so as to broaden their base of support and easier movement in both the houses. Secondly, the number of earmarks has also been increased, so as to provide an supererogatory support for the safe and quick passage of the bill. Normally this Omnibus bill is not meant towards the majority party preference than other spending bills in the past. Reason being the final product needs to be negotiated with president and needs the prior approval of the president. But in case of coordinated government, Omnibus bills actually do provide opportunity for Partisan polarizati on for the majority party that can enact its own preference in the lawmaking process.The politicians responsible for making unnecessary delays should not be allowed to sit and vote in the Congress meeting. He/she should be asked to get re-elected and prove his/her true position at that point of time.Also a lesson regarding a state towards the country and the countrymen should be given to all the politicians. Making Pamphlets, affectionate meetings and other methods can do this. By improving the policy makers we can expect the bills to be passed easier and the country in the direction of progress.Also through legislation, a bill should be passed to avoid any unnecessary delays in the bills of national importance. Any politician trying to bring undue stoppage in the way of such important bill should not get the right to vote for that certain bill.ConclusionThere is certainly no point in loosing time and money due to partisan polarization. The progress of country should be considere d more important than a persons own interest. Moreover the politicians of today should realize their mistakes and that they should not forget their responsibility towards the country and the countrymen in wake of earning more and more money. Number of solutions are tried to make an attempt to the problem of partisan polarization but until whole nation unites and speaks against it collectively there wont be any benefit coming out of it.

Analysis of the Voice by Thomas Hardy

POEM THE VOICE BY THOMAS HARDY What is the genre of this song? To me this poem speaks ab surface Woman Much Missed Meaning thither is some ane very dear to the poet that is much missed & is no semipermanent seen. The poem has a sense of Reminiscence, Depression, Sorrow & Death. What is the dance step of portion? The tone of voice is rather Nostalgic, Emotive and Anxious. Because he says Let me view you, then, stand up as when I drew near to the town Where you would wait for me yes as I knew you then,What is the theme? The theme is rather about love and a great loss. Because it says Saying that now you ar not as you were, When you had changed from the one who was all to me What is the structure? The structure is rather Emphatic, because he emphasizes when he says How you telephone to me, call to me twice. What is the setting? The setting is in a rather bad & depressed/scared mood. He says Thus I faltering forwards shows hes fear to move on without this woman. What is the Ima ge being Portrayed?The poet is setting a rather mysterious/miserable image. underground because as he says Can it be you that I hear? It makes you inquire if the poet is going mad. Miserable because he shows how much he misses this woman by saying Woman much missed What is the Key Statement? The come across statement to me is in the title because the title in itself makes you reason out what the poem is about. The title is THE VOICE, this title would make me ask, Why the voice? , Who is the voice? What about the voice? So in short its all about the voice. What is the sound being visualised? The impression being portrayed to me is that life is all about love and that life cannot continue without it, for others. What is the terminology use? The poet is using the language rather narratively because rather than describing his emotions hes narrating the events that are happening e. g. Traveling across the wet mead to me here What are the qualities that resonate/evoke with the read er?The poem is rather much head-to-head because he says Woman much missed, how you call to me call to me which confirms the poets love for person missing. He indirectly channels the reader to his feelings through someone else. In the third stanza he starts to question the authenticity of the voice. Can it be you that I hear? The poet uses a mixture of alliteration and assonance to guideaid the reader with these lines. What is the appreciate of this poem? Value the people you love for you never know what the forthcoming holds for you or your spouse/partner in life.Related essay In Exile Poem Line by Line Analysis

Working with Financial Statements

Working with Financial Statements Accounting is the heart and soul and soul of executing a successful craft. Accounting is used to app final stageing record for all items that atomic number 18 paid and certain for a business concern over any period of meter. Within the purpose of chronicle lies the command to provide continuity and sustainability within a business, without it a business mother non thrive. The information obtained is kept on record, in order to give insight to upper management on data concerning the daily tax income and outlays of that business. This data is needed to not only inform the employees of the business, but to a fault the investing parties of that business as well.Success in business is equated to being accountable of all aspects of gross and set downs. To help aid in the understanding of the execute of invoice, Team A will discuss the subjects of receipts and expense realization principles. We will also discuss the importance of journal adjustments that be prepaid, un realize, and accrue for both tax incomes and expenses over time. Each item discussed helps provided and maintains a balance for the conclusion of a financial statement. If entered correctly, the all entries used will provide a clear picture of the account efforts of any business.The Revenue Recognition and write down Recognition Principle Being able to account for a businesss taxs and expenses in a certain write up period is effortful to determine. To do it correctly, one would need to understand two principles that set the amount the revenue experience principle and the expense recognition principle. In chapter 4 of our textbook Financial Accounting Tools for Business Decision qualification, it states the revenue recognition principle shoots that companies recognize revenue in the accounting period in which it is earned.In a improvement company, revenue is considered to be earned at the time the service is performed. in that respectfo re, the definition is that it is only to be record when the items sold where the pay lowlife be estimated reliability and when the amount is recoverable. What tells the revenue to be recognize and to ignore when the cash inflows occur is when the account will use the collection basis of accounting. An example to illustrate revenue recognition principle is when a phone company sells talk time through scratch cars. There is no revenue to recognize when a customer purchased the scratch card.The revenue is recognized when the customer has make the call and actually consumed the talk time. The expense recognition principle is defined in the same chapter as, The principle that dictates that companies take on efforts (expenses) with results (revenues). They provide a simple rule to remember as allow the expenses follow the revenues. which would indicate how the expense recognition goes hand and hand with the revenue recognition. To illustrate that, we could say it is sales commissio n owed to an employee be do it is based on the original of a sale.In the same accounting period as the sale, the commission expense is when it should be recorded. At the same time, the sale is recognized and expensed when the cost of caudex is delivered to the customer. That is when the commission expense should be recorded in the same accounting period as the sale. That would be the example of the matching principle is associated with the cause and effect of accounting. Situations That Require Adjusting Journal Entries Adjusting entries ar grouped as deferrals and accumulations and distributively has two subgroups. The two categories of deferrals are prepaid expenses and unearned revenue.Prepaid expenses are recorded as assets until they are used or consumed. For example prepaid periodical insurance is recorded as an asset until the coverage has been consumed. Because prepaid expenses conk out with time does not require daily adjustments, which would be unrealistic. When pr eparing financial statements adjusting entries are made to record the expense consumed of the prepaid assets and award the remaining amounts in the asset account. Unearned revenue is when cash is received before service is provided, which increases the liability account. For that reason unearned revenue are opposite of prepaid expenses.When a company receives a payment for a future service, it assign liability the unearned revenue account increases. The recognition process occurs during the accounting period where the service was provided. Then the company makes the adjusting insertion for the unearned revenue by debiting the liability account and consultationing the revenue account. Before the adjustment is made liabilities are overstated and revenue is understated. The second category for adjusting entries is for accruals. Preceding the entrance adjustments the revenue account or the expense account are understated. accordingly the entry adjustment for accruals increases the balance sheet and income statement account. Accrued revenue is accumulate revenue that is not recorded at the statement date because revenue is accrued with passing time, which is impractical to record daily. The adjusting entry records the amount owed to a business at the balance sheet date and the revenue earned in that time. The adjusting entry increases both the revenue account and the asset account. If service provided to client that were not billed will not be recorded.The accrual of unrecorded service account increases accounts receivable, which also increases strivingholder equity by increasing revenue account. It would be unethical for a company to effect sales or accounts receivable to increase revenue and asset accounts to tack a quarters target sales. Expenses incurred but not until now paid or recorded at the statement date are called accrued expenses. Adjustments are made to recognize expenses incurred at the current accounting period and record debt that is prese nt at the balance sheet date. Consequently adjusting entry increase expense account and increase liability account.Why Adjusting Entries are Important Every business or organization makes adjusting entries in the end of a set accounting period. Adjusting entries are entries made at the end of an accounting period to make certain that the profits and expenditures recognition principles are followed (Kimmel, Weygandt, & Kieso, 2011). Accrual transactions and the purposes of these transactions should be reported when these financial actions occur. These actions should be recorded not only when cash is paid or received but also anytime a financial action takes place.These strategic concepts in accounting are imperative because they recognize net gains or losings and a business financial position can be place within the accounting period. The preparations of general entries and postings are important and the information added to these journals should be precise and reliable. The truth in numbers is critical, and the information should be mensural exactly. There are numerous reasons regarding why adjusting entries are important. To establish if the spotless value of cost of goods sold and gross profit, adjusting entry of closing stock is needed.To determine the correct value of net profit, adjusting entry of depreciation is needed. Making adjusting entries of advance expenses are essential because after this step is completed an restrainer can take away advance expense from expenses collected, and this will be charged in next accounting period when these expenses will be payable. To show the correct amounts due to a third party and to show correct expenses for the accounting period do adjusting entries of outstanding expenses are important. In this entry the accountant must have debit expense and credit outstanding expense for a third party accounted for. ConclusionAs one can see, revenue recognition and expense recognition are important move of the accountin g process of any business. It is also important to understand what situations require a company to adjust their journal entries and why it is so important to do so. With the appropriate accounting techniques and accurate journaling, a companys financial statements become more accurate and easier for both internal and out-of-door users to understand. Not only do accurate financial statements keep a company above suspicion and consequence, but it helps users make informed decisions about that company based on its financial health.Without good decision making based on accurate information, a company will not be able to succeed. References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , & Kieso, D. E. ( 2010). Financial accounting Tools for business decision making (6th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons. 2011 Financial Principles Explained. Retrieved from http//accountingexplained. com/financial/principles/revenue-recognition Walther, L. (2012) Financial Accounting 2012 Edition. Retrieved from h ttp//www. principlesofaccounting. com/chapter3/chapter3. hypertext markup language sofaccounting. com/chapter3/chapter3. html

Fear of Crime

Introduction Fear of detestation in members of our inn today has been astray interrogationed. For the purpose of this essay, attention of law-breaking is used in the context of an idiosyncratics perceived bump of sightly a victim of criminal offense. In this essay it is argued that the remote and the youngest members of our society ar the or so precautionful of plague and that, of these mature aggroups the time-worn have the lowest risk of becoming victims of disgust. Firstly, research shows that idolize of crime is wide spread and that certain get along groups ar more(prenominal) fearful of becoming victims than otherwises.Secondly, that the Medias portrayal of crimes contri scarcees to societys perceptions of safety and crime itself, increasing fear of crime in these get along groups. Thirdly, that the Elderly fears of crime and perceived risk of development is also contributed to by social and physiological incidentors, such as vulnerability that win dings to altered lifestyle changes. Data confirms that levels of victimisation marks be low for the patriarchal but high for the young, which is in contrast to those in the elderly age group having heightened levels of fear.In conclusion, fear of crime is becoming a serious social issue as our population ages macrocosm that the elderly are becoming the roughly fearful of crime whilst the youngest age group with the highest fear are most apparent to become victims of crime. Discussion Firstly, we see that in advanced(a) society today that a growing fear of crime is widely recognised. It is acknowledged that the elderly aged 65 and over, and the youngest members aged 16 24 of our society have the highest fear of crime in comparison to other age groups(Johnson, 2005).Australia has an aging population (James, 1992 p. 1), for those 85 and over numbers has dual and thither are increased numbers of those aged 65 and over. The move twenty years spanning from 1990 to 2010 has s een the number of elderly people in our society increase by 170% in comparison to around 30% for total population growth for Australia, where those age 15 are seen to be decreasing (Australian government agency of Statistics, 2010).This correlated to the findings from the 2004 International hatred Victimisation refresh (Johnson, 2005) showing that the age groups 15 24 and 65 and over were the most likely to answer the series of questions asked around feelings of safety when walking totally at wickedness, utilising or time lag for public transportation at night and whether they believed they would be victims of burglary in the ext year as unsafe or truly unsafe. Secondly, it is argued that the Medias representations of criminal acts and events through sensationalised stories depicting crimes that are violent and those with a knowledgeable nature these have contributed to and influenced levels of fear and perceptions of risk for the age groups 15 24, and 65 years and over.The first edition of Violence Today (Chappell, 1989) connect societys perceptions of violent crime to media stories and publicity that is focussed on crimes of a violent nature that attributes to growing fears of crime posturing Australia is succumbing to a torrent of crime beyond the control of tralatitious system of traditional law (Chappell, 1989). The focus on violent and sexually explicit crimes by the media has left our society with the misconception that these sorts of crimes are an everyday occurrence.The Australian Survey of fond Attitudes (Roberts & Indermaur, Australian implant of Criminology 2007) save that over half of those aged 65 and over believed that crime had increased over a period of deuce years before the survey was completed, this is attributed to an individuals media consumption whether it be newspapers, internet or television of factual or fictional medians (Kort-Butler & Sittner Hartshorn, 2011).The Australian Survey of companionable Attitudes also col lected data on the medians that individuals withdraw their crime and criminal justice beliefs and views from, and observed that the media remains the most chief(prenominal) source in informing Australians views of crime(Roberts & Indermaur, Australian Institute of Criminology 2007 p. 9). The magnificence given to certain crimes in the daily newspapers and other media sources shows us consequence to the fact that crime is a tiptopic that has the publics affaire and is a focus of their worries (Australian actors assistant of Statistics, 2001).It goes on to discuss the fact that crime as reported on by the media increases the publics levels of fears and that there is little or no correlation to actual levels of violent crime in our society today. Thirdly, crime victimisation data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2008-2009, p. 17) reflects that those 65 and above are the least likely to be victims of crime with a victimisation rate much visit than all other age groups in the category of personal combat. This cannot be said or the younger age groups of 16 -24 whos fear of crime can be linked to high numbers of victimisation in the same category. Carcach, Graycar & Muscat (2001) attribute social and communal activities that elderly people partake in to this anomaly betwixt the elderly fear of crime and victimisation rates. The change in activities of the elderly over meter may contribute to the lower victimisation rates reported where on the other hand the young tend to have many more communal social activities which serve to increase their chances of victimisation.The data collected from the horror Victimisation Survey (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008-2009) although it showed very little difference surrounded by the fear levels for the youngest age group and that of the older age group of 65 and over the differences in social activities and community relationships and the fact that the elderly are far less likely to be out alone without a companion, or travelling on public transport or waiting for the same can be accounted for, by personal vulnerability.A attain concept used to explain high levels of perceived risk of victimisation is that of vulnerability. Powell & Wahidin (2007, p. 94) assert the fear of crime operates on a myriad of stimulated and practical levels from feeling vulnerable and isolated, to affecting personal well being. Vulnerability has been attributed to contributing to fear of crime within the elderly age group (Carcach et al, 2001). It has been argued that personal vulnerability (Franklin, Franklin & Fearn, 2008 p. 06), the inability for an individual to protect themselves repayable to lack of physical strength (James, 1992) and the feelings of powerlessness to resist attack (Callanan & Teasdale, 2009 p. 362) and their difficulty of being able to heal from an act of victimisation (Johnson, 2005 p. 33) explains the disparity between higher levels of fear and that of actual victimis ation. Cossman & Rader (2011, p. 143) add further to this that most elderly people are now living alone, either having lost a lifetime partner through death, or hospitalisation due to debility or illness also attributes to higher levels of fear of crime.A shop class held between several services and organisations in South Australia on law-breaking and the Elderly identified that elderly people thought themselves to be the most victimised by crime, that during the day break-ins caused them fear, however break-ins with the potential for personal assault caused the most fear after dark, these fears impacted on all aspects of their lives, which in turn has restricted and isolated them from their communities and the lifestyles they have been previously accustomed to living. Doherty, 1991, p. 1)(Johnson, 2005, p. 29) The elderly by far have the highest levels of fear that are based on misconceptions that they perceive about crime in our society today. The young 15 24 years of age percei ve their risk of victimisation to be high and statistics show that in 2005 this age group had the highest victimisation rate for crimes against the person ( Australian Institute of Criminology, 2006). ConclusionFear of crime in our society has far reaching implications, Australia has an aging population that exhibits one of the highest levels of fear of crime that can be attributed to feelings of vulnerability, yet statistics have shown the elderly to be the least likely to be victims of crime. Their perceived fear of victimisation has lead to changes in their lifestyles in order to protect themselves, based on misconceived notions that they are the most victimised in society.The young aged 16-24 years of age also have a high level of perceived risk from crime but this is in proportion to the victimisation rates recorded for this age group. Perceptions of fear and perceived risk of crime are contributed to by the medias portrayal of crimes that have a violent or sexual nature which further serves to contribute to a growing fear of crime. The fact that society tends to get its views and beliefs of crime and criminal justice from the media means that misconceptions about the perceived risk of victimisation tend to be over the top and misinformed.References Australian Institute of Criminology 2006, Australian disgust facts and figures 2005, Crime Facts Info, no. 120, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001, Measuring Wellbeing Frameworks for Australian loving Statistics, 2001, cat. no. 4160. 0 Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2008-2009, Crime Victimisation, Australia, cat. no 4530. 0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010, existence by Age and Sex, Australian States and Territories, cat.No. 3201. 0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2010, Australian Social Trends, cat no. 4102. 0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra. Callanan, V. J. , & Teasdale, B. (2009). An exploration of gender differences in measurement of fear of crime. Feminist Criminology, 4(4), 359-376. inside10. 1177/1557085109345462 Carcach, C. Graycar, A. & Muscat, G. 2001 The Victimisation of Older Australians, Trends and Issues in Crime and flagitious Justice, no. 212, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Chappell, D, 1989. Violence Today, no. 1 Violence, Crime and Australian Society, National Committee on Violence, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Doherty, B. 1991, Home Assist A new approach to House Security, surgical incision of Employment and Further Education, Adelaide. Fearn, N. E. , Franklin, T. W. , & Franklin, C. A. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204-227. doi10. 1007/s11211-008-0069-9 Hartshorn, K. J. S. , & Kort? Butler, L. A. (2011). Watching the Detecti ves Crime Programming, Fear of Crime, and Attitudes about the Criminal Justice System, sociological Quarterly, 52(1), 36-55. doi10. 1111/j. 1533-8525. 2010. 01191. x James, M. 1992, The Elderly as Victims of Crime, Abuse and Neglect, Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 37, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Johnson, H. 2005, Crime Victimisation in Australia Key Results of the 2004 International Crime Victimisation Survey, Research and common Policy Series, no. 64, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra. Powell, J. & Wahidin.A. (2008). Understanding old age and victimisation A critical exploration. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy,28(3/4), 90-99. doi10. 1108/01443330810862160 Rader, N. , & Cossman, J. (2011). Fear of Crime and Personal Vulnerability Examining Self-Reported Health, Sociological Spectrum,31(2), 141-162. doi10. 1080/02732173. 2011. 541339 Roberts, L. & Indermaur, D. 2007, What Australians think about crime and jus tice results from the 2007 Survey of Social Attitudes, Research and Public Policy Series 101, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.

A View from the Bridge: the Opening Scene Essay

The crack image of Act Two mark the dramatic turning come in of the puzzle out. In this exposure, Catherine confronts Rodolfo over Eddies allegation that Rodolfo only wants to bond Catherine to be an Ameri digest. However it is soon revealed that Rodolfo real loves her. The two characters sleep to let downher for the counterbalance time, a situation that Eddie baffles out when he returns home drunk, which results in a devastating oppositeness amid the central characters.The seriousness and the intense emotions displayed in this scene, plus Arthur Millers use of dramatic devices, mention this scene very dramatically effective. It is a turning point in the play because it is the frontmost time Catherine and Rodolfo sleep in concert, symbolising Catherines switch from a brusque girl to a grown woman and Catherines ties with Eddie pay finally cut as she chooses Rodolfo over Eddie. In this scene, Eddie besides confronts his sapiditys towards Catherine as he busses her in a fit of rage, passion and want.This scene opens up with Alfieris narration. He tells the audience that Catherine and Rodolfo atomic number 18 only in the flatbed for the first time. The point that they atomic number 18 al unmatchable suggests whatsoeverthing is going away to happen and sets the scene and create tautness because the two characters are but in a fix flat without any iodine to interfere and no another(prenominal) witnesses except the audience. The cramped apartment is dramatic device which is more(prenominal) obvious on breaker point ? the dining room is the focus of the actions, the small, claustrophobic space increases tenseness between the characters.The character of Alfieri serves two functions. In the play, Alfieri is the narrator, who tells the audience the story of Eddie Carbone in flashbacks, and indeed constantly reminds the readers of the cataclysm that is yet to come. However he also acts as an actual character in the play ? the role of t he wise lawyer, whom Eddie work through with(predicate)ks advice from. A narrator is a typical dramatic device used oftentimes in plays, dating back to Greek tragedy, which is the style this play is pen in.Catherine asks Rodolfo is he is hungry, preferably he replies not for anything to eat. This suggests Rodolfos desire for Catherine and further emphasis what might happen now they are alone together. This makes the audience wonder and curious, more or less Rodolfo and Catherine, and also about Eddies answer when he finds out. Catherine spring ups to ask Rodolfo a series of querys about the options of the two of them animation in Italy. At first Rodolfo takes Catherine is joking as he is smiling, as he does not get it on the real question Catherine is asking him.However, we as the audience understand she is testing him to captivate if he only wants to marry her to be an Ameri fag. This is an example of dramatic irony which Miller uses to create strain and perplexity a s the audience wonder how Rodolfo is going to react and whether he give figure out Catherines aline intention. We are also kept in suspense as we bide to see if Rodolfo actually loves Catherine. As Rodolfo acquits Catherines seriousness, stage directions describes that his smile vanishes and he is astonished at Catherines request and he walks to her slowly.From present, it is clear that Rodolfo recognizes something is wrong and the tension is heightened as his previous joking mood has gone and is moving onto a more unpleasant topic. Rodolfo tries to persuade Catherine by commenting Italy as having no silver, no business and nothing and though Italy is beautiful, you cant define the view. This quote shows Rodolfos maturity and his understanding of reality and that he is not blinded by a mere pretty surface. As Catherine continues to pursue the idea of living in Italy, Rodolfo becomes increasingly frustrated in that respects nothingNothing, nothing, nothing. We see the char acters are more emotionally charged as the argument continues Rodolfo becomes more angry and irritable as the tension builds up, and the audience tense up as the calmer atmosphere is now harebrained by something more exciting. Finally, Catherine confesses she is afraid of Eddie here. This is the first time she admits her fear of Eddie and his actions to the audience, which marks another(prenominal) turning point of the play ? she no longer sees Eddie as a non-threatening, kind man she thought he is. There is a slight pause after Catherines admission.This creates tension and allows time for Catherines confession and is a hint to the impending tragedy sink in. However, even so after this, Catherine persists with her questioning, which circumstanceually leads to Rodolfos realisation This is your question or his question? Therefore the penny drops as the truth comes out. From this point on, the characters confront their true feelings and give the audience further insight into the c haracters inner emotions. This quote also shows that Rodolfo is not the naive, innocent boy portrayed and seen by other former in the play?He is quite witty and intelligent and cheats when something is going on. Rodolfo is fierce at Eddies accusation of him and explains that the only reason he wants to be an American so I can work. This shows Rodolfo is lifelike and is not just an impressionable, young, starry-eyed boy who loves America so much. This corresponds with introductory in the play with his you cant cook the view speech. From here, we see another more mature, responsible side of him.This also touches on the theme of family and responsibility?two of the things that are significant in the Italian traditions. These are shown through the way Rodolfo says that he cannot bring Catherine from a rich acres to a poor one otherwise he would be a criminal stealing her face when he cannot afford enough feed for her as he would be responsible for her well-being. Catherine is ne ar tears and Rodolfo is furious as the argument progresses. This makes the scene more dramatic as we see the characters emotions are displayed so raw and vividly in this scene, as indicated in the stage directions.Catherine describes Eddie as mad all the time and nasty, which contrasts with her primitively comments of the sweetest guy and good. This reveals that Catherine loves Eddie very much but at the aforesaid(prenominal) time is afraid of him as she admits herself.This paradox illustrates Catherines emotional inflammation and complex feelings. It also suggests that she too, knows something is wrong with Eddies over-the-top rage and violence about the idea of her and Rodolfo together, further emphasised by Rodolfos lead that Eddie will spank Catherine if she disobeys him ? that there is something dark and primal in Eddies feelings for Catherine.Catherine denies she is a naive baby like everyone thinks, which reminds us that Catherine is caught in the crossfire and has to do what everyone elses expectation of her. However, she continues to defend Eddie as she criticises Beatrice of not being a good wife and woman to Eddie, unlike the way she can because she can tell and know what Eddie wants and needs. This almost peculiar comment deepens the audiences sense of self-consciousness as we suspect that something inappropriate is going on between Eddie and Catherine and that Eddies feeling may possibly be reciprocated.Rodolfo does not seem to realise this as he persuades Catherine to leave Eddie. Catherine then tries to change the topic and instead tells Rodolfo to hold and teach her. This shows Catherine is inexperienced. However alternatively, it can mean that she is manipulative ? when the discourse is not turning out the way she wants to, she cunningly changes the topic apply her sexuality. This contrasts with the previous impression the audience have of her and suggests that she is not the saint that we think she is.She cries softly as Rodolfo gentl y leads her to the bedroom ? thus completes Catherines transformation from a little girl to a woman. It signifies Catherines choice of Rodolfo over Eddie as she loses her virginity to Rodolfo ? something she can never claim back, parallel to the fact she can not go back to Eddie anymore. Her ties have finally been cut. This significant event also means tragedy is inevitable as the audience know all hell will break loose when Eddie finds out.There is a little pause between the part when Rodolfo leads Catherine to thebedroom and Eddies confrontation with them. During this part, no speech is spoken it only shows Eddies return. This gives the audience some breathing space as tension slows down a little and to give time for the audience to prepare for the revelation Eddie is about to find out.Eddie returns home drunk, which creates tension as the audience anticipate trouble, and the fact that he is drunken means his behaviour would be even more aggressive and unpredictable and then makin g his confrontation with Rodolfo and Catherine more dramatic.Eddie sees Catherine first the situation appears to be calm, though awkward and uneasy because the audience know that a huge thing has just happened and the indifference is just the calmness before the storm and we wait anxiously for the dreadful truth to break of the day on Eddie. According to the stage direction, Rodolfo comes out of the bedroom second.Eddie sees him and his arm jerks moderately in shock. Rodolfo nods to him testingly. Eddie jerks his arm in shock implies he realises what has happened. He is in astonishment and disbelief. Rodolfo reminds the audience that Beatrice is out, which means there is no one to act as the peace-maker?there are only three of them alone in the small, claustrophobic apartment where the atmosphere is tense and uncomfortable.There is a pause as Eddie let the revelation to sink in. the pause creates suspense as the audience wait for his catastrophic reaction. Instead, however, Eddie just tells Rodolfo to get outa here. A simple, short command without any explanation or discussion. This balloon the uneasiness in the atmosphere as his reaction seems strangely static to the awful knowledge he just learned, the audience are move by this and wonder what will happen next. Eddie grabs her arm as Catherine starts to go.This is the start and a hint to the conflict that is yet to come. Catherine starts to go. Catherine is trembling with fright, shows that she is very scared. She frees her arm, suggests that she is standing up to Eddie finally. She speaks in short sentences, creating a fast pace and urgency atmosphere Eddie tries to re wee-wee the controller of the situation by commanding Catherine You aint going anywheres. He desperately tries to make Catherine stay by use the last bit of his power to control her. When Catherine disobeys, he draws her to him and kisses her on the mouth as Eddie finally confronts his desire and feeling for Catherine.The kiss suggest s there is something of a sexual desire in Eddies feelings, not just the simple possessiveness some fathers have of their daughters. Eddie asks Rodolfo what he is gonna be, thus challenging him, with Catherine as the winners price. Rodolfo squares up to Eddie and fancy the challenge with tears of rage, suggesting his ego has been bruised badly.He flies at him in attack, which shows Rodolfos extreme point rage at the fact Eddie has just kissed Catherine and his challenge of his manfulness. However, Eddie humiliates him further as he pins his arms, laughing, and suddenly kisses him.This kiss is very sudden and unpredicted, so it is very shocking for the audience and we are incredulous at Eddies actions. This kiss is a very extreme action and we slowly realise that it is used to humiliate Rodolfo, questioning his manliness and an attempt Eddie makes to confirm his suspicion of Rodolfos sexuality. Catherine tears at Eddies face, while Eddie stands there with tears rolling. This is the point where Eddie realises he has muddled and this is the point where he realises Catherine is gone from him.The audience sympathises with him because we know he truly loves Catherine and he has just lost everything he holds dear. However, he still tries to gain the control of the situation and he and Rodolfo are almost frozen with angerThey are like animals that have torn at one another and broken up without a decision, each other waiting for others mood This description compare Rodolfo and Eddie as animals, suggest something dark, terrific and primal in the situation, which makes the audience feel uneasy and uncomfortable.When Eddie breaks the silence, he tells Rodolfo to get out and tells him to watch your step, submarine. Submarine is slang for an illegal immigrant. This is a specimen to Rodolfo and a hint to what is going to happen. From this point on, it is clear to the audience that tragedy is inevitable because it seems that Eddie will go as far as to roam his family and report the brothers to the Immigration Bureau. We also know that if Eddie does do that, the consequence will be devastating, as foreshadowed by the Vinny Bolzano story from the very earlier on of the play.Eddie ends this act with a dreadful warning, which create suspense as to what he is going to do and grabs the audiences attention as we wait to see his next actions even though we already suspect what he is going to do. In conclusion, the opening scene of Act Two is one of the most important and dramatic points of the play. Throughout the first act, Arthur Miller tells us of Rodolfo and Marcos arrival and sets up the steps leading to the plays climax ending. In Act One, the audience see the growth of Eddies paranoia and jealousy, slowly accumulating to his final outburst.The incident in this scene Rodolfo and Catherine sleeping together is the final push that sends Eddie over the edge and promote him to report the cousin to the Immigration Bureau. It is in this scene Eddies pa tience runs out and in this scene he realises he has lost Catherine to Rodolfo. He confronts his feelings by osculate Catherine and humiliates Rodolfo with the shocking kiss.This scene is full of emotions which are displayed vividly to the audience through the characters actions and speech. The emotions grab the audience attention because we care about the characters and curious about what is going to happen.